Poljoprivreda – razlika između verzija

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In 2009, the [[Agriculture in China|agricultural output of China]] was the largest in the world, followed by the European Union, India and the United States, according to the [[International Monetary Fund]] (''[[Agriculture#List of countries by agricultural output|see below]]''). Economists measure the [[total factor productivity]] of agriculture and by this measure agriculture in the United States is roughly 1.7 times more productive than it was in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=USDA Economic Research Service|url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/agproductivity/ |title=Agricultural Productivity in the United States|date=5 July 2012|accessdate=22 April 2013}}</ref>
In 2009, the [[Agriculture in China|agricultural output of China]] was the largest in the world, followed by the European Union, India and the United States, according to the [[International Monetary Fund]] (''[[Agriculture#List of countries by agricultural output|see below]]''). Economists measure the [[total factor productivity]] of agriculture and by this measure agriculture in the United States is roughly 1.7 times more productive than it was in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=USDA Economic Research Service|url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/data/agproductivity/ |title=Agricultural Productivity in the United States|date=5 July 2012|accessdate=22 April 2013}}</ref>

== Radna snaga ==
Godine 2011. [[International Labour Organization]] states that approximately one billion people, or over 1/3 of the available work force, are employed in the global agricultural sector. Agriculture constitutes approximately 70% of the global employment of children, and in many countries employs the largest percentage of women of any industry.<ref name=ILO/> The [[service sector]] only overtook the agricultural sector as the largest global employer in 2007. Between 1997 and 2007, the percentage of people employed in agriculture fell by over four percentage points, a trend that is expected to continue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/story/191279|title=Services sector overtakes farming as world's biggest employer: ILO|author=AP|date=26 January 2007|accessdate=24 April 2013|publisher=''The Financial Express''}}</ref> The number of people employed in agriculture varies widely on a per-country basis, ranging from less than 2% in countries like the US and Canada to over 80% in many African nations.<ref name=LaborForce>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2048.html|title=Labor Force – By Occupation|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|work=The World Factbook|accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> In developed countries, these figures are significantly lower than in previous centuries. During the 16th century in Europe, for example, between 55 and 75 percent of the population was engaged in agriculture, depending on the country. By the 19th century in Europe, this had dropped to between 35 and 65 percent.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://economics.ouls.ox.ac.uk/13621/1/uuid9ef3c3c6-512f-44b6-b74e-53266cc42ae2-ATTACHMENT01.pdf|format=PDF|title=Economic structure and agricultural productivity in Europe, 1300–1800|journal=European Review of Economic History|volume=3|pages=1–25|author=Allen, Robert C.}}</ref> In the same countries today, the figure is less than 10%.<ref name=LaborForce/>

=== Bezbednost ===
[[File:Ford Tractor with ROPS bar fitted.JPG|right|thumb|[[Rollover protection system|Rollover protection bar]] on a [[Fordson tractor]]]]

Agriculture remains a hazardous industry, and farmers worldwide remain at high risk of work-related injuries, lung disease, [[noise-induced hearing loss]], skin diseases, as well as certain cancers related to chemical use and prolonged sun exposure. On [[industrial agriculture|industrialized farms]], injuries frequently involve the use of [[agricultural machinery]], and a common cause of fatal agricultural injuries in developed countries is tractor rollovers.<ref name="aginjury">{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/aginjury/ |title=NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health Topic: Agricultural Injuries|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=16 April 2013}}</ref> Pesticides and other chemicals used in farming can also be hazardous to worker health, and workers exposed to pesticides may experience illness or have children with birth defects.<ref name=NIOSH_pest>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012-108/ |title=NIOSH Pesticide Poisoning Monitoring Program Protects Farmworkers|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=15 April 2013}}</ref> As an industry in which families commonly share in work and live on the farm itself, entire families can be at risk for injuries, illness, and death.<ref name="NIOSH Agri">{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/agriculture/ |title=NIOSH Workplace Safety & Health Topic: Agriculture|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=16 April 2013}}</ref> Common causes of fatal injuries among young farm workers include drowning, machinery and motor vehicle-related accidents.<ref name="NIOSH Agri" />

The International Labour Organization considers agriculture "one of the most hazardous of all economic sectors."<ref name=ILO>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/safework/info/standards-and-instruments/codes/WCMS_161135/lang--en/index.htm|title=Safety and health in agriculture|publisher=International Labour Organization|accessdate=24 April 2013|date=21 March 2011}}</ref> It estimates that the annual work-related death toll among agricultural employees is at least 170,000, twice the average rate of other jobs. In addition, incidences of death, injury and illness related to agricultural activities often go unreported.<ref name=ILO2>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/safework/areasofwork/hazardous-work/WCMS_110188/lang--en/index.htm|title=Agriculture: A hazardous work|publisher=International Labour Organization|accessdate=24 April 2013|date=15 June 2009}}</ref> The organization has developed the [[Safety and Health in Agriculture Convention, 2001]], which covers the range of risks in the agriculture occupation, the prevention of these risks and the role that individuals and organizations engaged in agriculture should play.<ref name=ILO/>


== Poljoprivredni proizvodni sistemi ==
== Poljoprivredni proizvodni sistemi ==

Verzija na datum 13 juli 2015 u 04:11

Zemljoradnja, Nemačka
Polje suncokreta u Šumadiji, Srbija

Poljoprivreda je postupak proizvodnje hrana, hrane za stoku, vlakana kao i ostalih potrebnih proizvoda putem uzgoja određenih biljaka i domaćih životinja (stoke). Poljoprivreda je takođe poznata kao zemljoradnja.

Broj ljudi u svetu uključenih u poljoprivredu kao osnovnu ekonomsku aktivnost, veći je nego za bilo koju drugu granu privrede.

Pregled

Na poljoprivredu je moguće gledati kao na izdržavanje zemljoradnjom, odnosno proizvodnju tek dovoljno hrane da se zadovolje potrebe zemljoradnika/poljoprivrednika i njegove porodice. Isto tako, moguće je posmatrati je kao komercijalnu poljoprivredu, preovlađujući vid iste kod "razvijenih" naroda, u stalnom porastu i drugde, a koja se sastoji u sticanju novčane dobiti obrađivanjem zemlje u svrhu prinosa letine, komercijalni uzgoj domaćih životinja (gazdinstvo), ili i jedno i drugo.

Poljoprivreda je takođe skraćeni naziv studije o poljoprivrednim znanjima i veštinama, poznatije i kao poljoprivredne nauke.

Pored ovog, kao dodatak hrani za ljudsku ishranu i hrani za stoku, poljoprivredom se mogu proizvesti dobra kao npr. ukrasno cveće i ukrasno rasadno bilje, tesana ili drvena građa, đubrivo, žitovinjska koža, štavljena koža, industrijske hemikalije (skrob, šećer, etanol, alkoholi i plastične mase), vlakna (pamuk, vuna, konoplja, i lan), goriva (metan iz biomase, biodizel), pa i nedozvoljeni proizvodi (narkotici - marihuana, opijum, kokain), kao i dozvoljene supstance (bio-lekovita srestva, duvan ili (engl.)GMO biljke i životinje za dobijanje specijalnih lekova.

Plantaža čaja u Indiji

Na Zapadu, upotreba genetski modifikovanih proizvoda, stručnije rukovanje hranljivim sastojcima tla, kao i poboljšana kontrola korova uticali su na povećan prinos za istu zasađenu porvšinu. Istovremeno, korišćenje mehanizacije umanjilo je potrebu za radnom snagom. Zemlje u razvoju najčešće proizvode manje prinose, imajući u vidu nepostojanje najnovijih dostignuća na ovom polju, dobre ekonomske osnove i temelja za tehnološki razvoj.

Savremena poljoprivreda u mnogome zavisi od dobrih tehnoloških rešenja i novih tehnologija, pa i od bioloških i primenjenih nauka. Navodnjavanje, odvodnjavanje, održavanje i sanitarne tehnike—od kojih je svaka jednako značajna za uspešnu zemljoradnju—samo su neke oblasti koje zahtevaju posedovanje posebnih znanja poljoprivrednih tehnologa.

Poljoprivredna Kemija bavi se ostalim suštinskim pitanjima poljoprivrede, kao što su upotreba đubriva, insekticida (vidi kontrola štetočina), pesticida, zatim sastavom zemljišta, analizom poljoprivrednih proizvoda, i pravilnom ishranom domaćih životinja.

Uzgoj biljaka i genetika imaju nemerljiv doprinos produktivnosti njiva i zasada. Takođe, genetika je stvorila nauku od uzgoja stoke. Hidroponika, metod zasađivanja bez zemljišta, gde biljke rastu posađene u hranljive hemijske rastvore, može pomoći u savlađivanju sve veće potrebe za hranom kako se svetska populacija uvećava.

Pakovanje, obrada i promet poljoprivrednih proizvoda usko su povezani, i takođe pod uticajem nauke. Novi načini brzog zamrzavanja i dehidracije proširili su tržišta poljoprivrednih proizvoda (vidi Očuvanje hrane; Industrija pakovanja mesa).

Mehanizacija, neverovatno dostignuće poljoprivrede kasnog 19-og i čitavog 20-og veka, dosta je olakšala svakodnevni težak rad poljoprivrednika. Još važnije, mehanizacija je značajno povećala efikasnost i produktivnost polja i njiva (vidi Poljoprivredna mehanizacija). Životinje, uključujući konje, mazge, volove, kamile, lame, alpake i pse; se, međutim, još uvek koriste za obradu polja, žetvu i prevoz ovih proizvoda do tržišta širom sveta.

Avioni, helikopteri, kamioni, i traktori koriste se u poljoprivredi za setvu, zaprašivanje protiv insekata i kontrolu štetočina, prevoz kvarljive robe, ali i za borbu protiv šumskih požara. Radio i televizija izveštavaju o veoma bitnim atmosferskim promenama i drugim vestima kao što su tržišni izveštaji koji se tiču poljoprivrednika. Računari postaju nezamenjivo pomagalo u upravljanju gazdinstvom.

Prema Nacionalnoj inženjerskoj akademiji iz SAD, poljoprivredna mehanizacija je među prvih 20 inženjerskih dostignuća dvadesetog veka. Početkom 1900-tih, jedan Američki farmer mogao je proizvesti hrane koja podmiruje potrebe samo 2,5 čoveka, dok danas, zahvaljujući inženjerskoj tehnologiji (takođe, uzgoju biljaka i kemijskim đubrivima), jedan jedini farmer u stanju je da nahrani preko 130 ljudi.[1]. Ipak, ovaj napredak se plaća ogromnim energetskim ulaganjima iz neobnovljivih izvora (uglavnom fosilna goriva - nafta i ugalj).

Životinjsko gazdinstvo podrazumeva uzgoj životinja zbog mesa ili životinjskih proizvoda (kao što su mleko, jaja ili vuna).

Zadnjih godina o nekim aspektima industrijske intenzivne poljoprivrede bilo je puno reči. Veliku brigu poljoprivrednicima, kao i javnosti dalo je jačanje uticaja industrije za proizvodnju rasadnog semena, kemijske industrije, industrije mesa i hrane. Deo zajednice oglasio se povodom nekih novih poljoprivrednih tehnika, kao što je, na primer, uzgajanje pilića za ishranu ljudi. Drugi razlog za brigu je davanje hrane koja kod stoke može da izazove "Bolest ludih krava (Bovinova sunđersta encefalopatija)".

Patentnim pravima su firme, koje se bave razvojem novih sorti biljaka i pasmina životinja korišćenjem genetičkog inžinjerstva, licencirale njihovo korišćenje farmerima na isti način kojim firme koje projektuju softver licenciraju njegovo korišćenje korisnicima računara. Ovo je dalo moć ovim firmama da diktiraju uslove, čega ranije nije bilo. Neki smatraju da cu ove firme krive za biopirateriju.

Očuvanje tla i korišćenje hranljivih sastojaka su postale bitne počev od pedestih godina dvadesetog veka, jer su najbolji poljoprivrednici dobili ulogu rukovodioca zemlje koju koriste. Ali, veliku brigu predstavlja zagađivanje voda i tla veštačkim đubrivima, kao što su azot i fosfor.

Povećana svest potrošača o pitanjima poljoprivrede dovela je do stvaranja poljoprivrede podpomognute od strane zajednice, lokalnih pokreta za hranu, spore hrane (suprotno od "brze hrane" - fast food) i ulazak u komercijalnu upotrebu tzv. organske poljoprivrede, doduše još uvek retko.

Istorija

Dokumentovanje i objašnjavanje porekla poljoprivrede je predmet arheologije. Arheobotaničari su otkrili da je uzgajanje i selekcija specifičnih karakteristika, poput veće otpornosti i većeg semena (uz genetičke promene u biljkama), otpočelo ubrzo nakon mlađeg trijasa u ranom holocenu na teritoriji Levanta. Postoje i raniji dokazi, kao na primer zrna raži sa domestifikovanim karakteristikama koja su otkrivena na jednom lokalitetu u Siriji. U poslednjem slučaju, doduše, nije isključeno ni da je reč o lokalnom fenomenu čiji uzrok leži u uzgajanju nekih divljih trava iz rodova Leymus i Elymus pa se ne može sa sigurnošću smatrati istinskim korakom ka odomaćivanju biljaka.

Region Plodnog polumeseca

O domestifikaciji biljaka se može govoriti tek u periodu oko 8500. godine p. n. e. (koji se u arheologiji naziva prekeramički neolit) kada postoje čvrsti dokazi o pojavi ekonomija zavisnih od domaćih biljaka (i životinja). S tim u vezi se navodi prvih osam odomaćenih biljaka: lan, ječam, leblebija, grašak, sočivo, Vicia ervilia i pšenica. Ovih osam biljaka su se pojavile manje-više u isto vreme. Postoje mnoga nalazišta koja datiraju od 8500. do 7500. godine p. n. e. gde je sistematično uzgajanje ovih biljaka velikim delom doprinelo ishrani stanovništva.

Od Plodnog polumeseca poljoprivreda se širila na istok ka centralnoj Aziji, zapadno ka Kipru, Anadoliji, a 7000. godine p. n. e. i Grčkoj. Zemljoradnja (gajenje pšenice) je stigla u severozapadnu Evropu oko 5000. godine p. n. e.

Razlozi za najraniju pojavu zemljoradnje mogu biti promena klime ali i društveni razlozi. Sigurno se desila promena od lovačko-sakupljačke do poljoprivredne ekonomije kroz dugačak period kada su neki usevi promišljeno zasađivani a druga hrana donošena iz divljine. Iako se zemljoradnja pojavila u Plodnom polumesecu, poljoprivreda se najkasnije 7000. godine p. n. e. pojavila i u jugoistočnoj Aziji (pirinač) i malo kasnije u Srednjoj Americi (kukuruz, bundeva). Poljoprivreda je takođe mogla da nastane nezavisno u ranom neolitu u Indiji i Jugoistočnoj Aziji (pirinač i taro).

Potpuna zavisnost od domaćih useva i životinja (vreme kada su divlji izvori predstavljali dijetetski nevažnu komponentu u ishrani) nije nastala sve do bronzanog doba. Ako bi u operativnu definiciju poljoprivrede bila uračunata intenzivna kultivacija zemljišta u velikim razmerama na plantažama, organizovano navodnjavanje i upotreba specijalizovane radne snage, titulu „izumitelja poljoprivrede“ dobili bi Sumeri.

Intenzivno ratarstvo je uslovilo rast populacije i omogućilo nagomilavanje viška proizvoda koji su se čuvali za upotrebu tokom zime ili za razmenu tj. prodaju radi zarade. Sposobnost farmera da hrane veliki broj ljudi čije aktivnosti nemaju nikakve veze sa proizvodnjom hrane bila je presudni faktor u usponu stajaće vojske.

Otkriće sistema „tri polja“ plodoreda tokom srednjeg veka je znatno poboljšalo uspešnost rane poljoprivrede.

Posle 1492. godine i otkrića Amerike, svetski poljoprivredni modeli su se izmešali pri razmeni biljaka i životinja koja je poznata kao Kolumbijska razmena. Usevi i životinje koje su prethodno bile poznate samo Starom svetu sada su prebačeni u Novi svet i obrnuto.

Savremena poljoprivreda

Precizna poljoprivreda u Minessoti: iz svemira ova farma u sjeverozapadnoj Minessoti izgleda kao kolaž. Polja mijenjaju nijanse tokom sezona i sa dijelovima zasijanim organskom pšenicom, sojom, kukuruzom, alfalfa-om, lanom ili pod sijenom. Ovaj infracrveni snimak obojen vještačkim bojama donosi mnoštvo informacija o stanju usjeva. Za netreniranog posmatrača, sama slika ne znači ništa. Ali, farmeri su obučeni da prepoznaju žuta područja gdje su usjevi inficirani, crvene nijanse koje kazuju da su usjevi u dobrom stanju, crno koje pokazuje poplavljeno područje, i smeđe dijelove koji kazuju da su neželjeni pesticidi prešli na usjeve koji se ne tretiraju hemikalijama.

In the past century agriculture has been characterized by increased productivity, the substitution of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides for labor, water pollution, and farm subsidies. In recent years there has been a backlash against the external environmental effects of conventional agriculture, resulting in the organic and sustainable agriculture movements.[1][2] One of the major forces behind this movement has been the European Union, which first certified organic food in 1991 and began reform of its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 2005 to phase out commodity-linked farm subsidies,[3] also known as decoupling. The growth of organic farming has renewed research in alternative technologies such as integrated pest management and selective breeding. Recent mainstream technological developments include genetically modified food.

In 2007, higher incentives for farmers to grow non-food biofuel crops[4] combined with other factors, such as overdevelopment of former farm lands, rising transportation costs, climate change, growing consumer demand in China and India, and population growth,[5] caused food shortages in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Mexico, as well as rising food prices around the globe.[6][7] As of December 2007, 37 countries faced food crises, and 20 had imposed some sort of food-price controls. Some of these shortages resulted in food riots and even deadly stampedes.[8][9][10] The International Fund for Agricultural Development posits that an increase in smallholder agriculture may be part of the solution to concerns about food prices and overall food security. They in part base this on the experience of Vietnam, which went from a food importer to large food exporter and saw a significant drop in poverty, due mainly to the development of smallholder agriculture in the country.[11]

Disease and land degradation are two of the major concerns in agriculture today. For example, an epidemic of stem rust on wheat caused by the Ug99 lineage is currently spreading across Africa and into Asia and is causing major concerns due to crop losses of 70% or more under some conditions.[12] Approximately 40% of the world's agricultural land is seriously degraded.[13] In Africa, if current trends of soil degradation continue, the continent might be able to feed just 25% of its population by 2025, according to UNU's Ghana-based Institute for Natural Resources in Africa.[14]

Agrarian structure is a long-term structure in the Braudelian understanding of the concept. On a larger scale the agrarian structure is more dependent on the regional, social, cultural and historical factors than on the state’s undertaken activities. Like in Poland, where despite running an intense agrarian policy for many years, the agrarian structure in 2002 has much in common with that found in 1921 soon after the partitions period.[15]

In 2009, the agricultural output of China was the largest in the world, followed by the European Union, India and the United States, according to the International Monetary Fund (see below). Economists measure the total factor productivity of agriculture and by this measure agriculture in the United States is roughly 1.7 times more productive than it was in 1948.[16]

Poljoprivredni proizvodni sistemi

Sistemi za kultivaciju useva

Rice cultivation at a paddy field in Bihar state of India
The Banaue Rice Terraces in Ifugao, Philippines

Cropping systems vary among farms depending on the available resources and constraints; geography and climate of the farm; government policy; economic, social and political pressures; and the philosophy and culture of the farmer.[17][18]

Shifting cultivation (or slash and burn) is a system in which forests are burnt, releasing nutrients to support cultivation of annual and then perennial crops for a period of several years.[19] Then the plot is left fallow to regrow forest, and the farmer moves to a new plot, returning after many more years (10–20). This fallow period is shortened if population density grows, requiring the input of nutrients (fertilizer or manure) and some manual pest control. Annual cultivation is the next phase of intensity in which there is no fallow period. This requires even greater nutrient and pest control inputs.

Further industrialization led to the use of monocultures, when one cultivar is planted on a large acreage. Because of the low biodiversity, nutrient use is uniform and pests tend to build up, necessitating the greater use of pesticides and fertilizers.[18] Multiple cropping, in which several crops are grown sequentially in one year, and intercropping, when several crops are grown at the same time, are other kinds of annual cropping systems known as polycultures.[19]

In subtropical and arid environments, the timing and extent of agriculture may be limited by rainfall, either not allowing multiple annual crops in a year, or requiring irrigation. In all of these environments perennial crops are grown (coffee, chocolate) and systems are practiced such as agroforestry. In temperate environments, where ecosystems were predominantly grassland or prairie, highly productive annual cropping is the dominant farming system.[19]

Statistike useva

Vidi takođe: List of most important agricultural crops worldwide

Important categories of crops include cereals and pseudocereals, pulses (legumes), forage, and fruits and vegetables. Specific crops are cultivated in distinct growing regions throughout the world. In millions of metric tons, based on FAO estimate.

Top agricultural products, by crop types
(million tonnes) 2004 data
Cereals 2,263
Vegetables and melons 866
Roots and tubers 715
Milk 619
Fruit 503
Meat 259
Oilcrops 133
Fish (2001 estimate) 130
Eggs 63
Pulses 60
Vegetable fiber 30
Source:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
[20]
Top agricultural products, by individual crops
(million tonnes) 2011 data
Sugar cane 1794
Maize 883
Rice 722
Wheat 704
Potatoes 374
Sugar beet 271
Soybeans 260
Cassava 252
Tomatoes 159
Barley 134
Source:
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
[20]

Nove tehnologije

Plantaža čaja na Javi

Savremena poljoprivreda umnogome zavisi od dobrih tehnoloških rešenja i novih tehnologija i njihove adekvatne primene pri upotrebi đubriva, insekticida, pesticida, analizi sastava zemljišta, analizi poljoprivrednih proizvoda i pravilnoj ishrani domaćih životinja.

Navodnjavanje i odvodnjavanje samo su neke oblasti koje zahtevaju posedovanje posebnih znanja poljoprivrednih tehnologa.

Upotrebom genetički modifikovanih proizvoda i primenom različitih agro-tehničkih mera povećava se prinos kultura uz, usled korišćenja mehanizacije, umanjenu potrebu za radnom snagom. S druge strane primena ovih savremenih tehnologija je često praćena kontroverzama zbog nedovoljne obaveštenosti ali i neadekvatne primene ili ispitanosti novih tehnologija.

Unapređenje useva

Naučno merenje rasta kukuruza
Glavni članak: Biotehnologija

Domestifikacija biljaka je počela sa ciljem da se poveća prinos, poveća rezistentnost i tolerantnost na sušu, olakša žetva i poboljša ukus i hranljiva vrednost, kao i mnoge druge karakteristike. Pažljiva selekcija i gajenje kroz vekove, je dalo ogroman doprinos karakteristikama gajenih biljaka. Odgajivači biljaka koriste staklenike i različite tehnike da bi dobili tri generacije po godini i na taj način ostvarili bolje rezultate.

Selekcija i uzgajanje biljaka tokom dvadesetih i tridesetih godina dvadesetog veka su unapredili pašnjake na Novom Zelandu, a primenom primitivnih metoda genetičkog inženjeringa tokom 1950-ih su proizvedene neke savremene sorte žitarica.

Traktor IMT 533

Poljoprivredna mehanizacija

Poljoprivredna mehanizacija je značajno povećala efikasnost i produktivnost poljoprivredne proizvodnje u odnosu na, u nekim delovima sveta još uvek prisutnu praksu, korišćenja životinja (konji, mazge, volovi, kamile, lame i dr.) kod obrade polja, žetve i prevoza poljoprivrednih proizvoda.

Avioni, helikopteri, kamioni, i traktori koriste se u poljoprivredi za setvu, zaprašivanje protiv insekata i kontrolu štetočina, prevoz kvarljive robe, ali i za borbu protiv šumskih požara. Radio i televizija izveštavaju o veoma bitnim atmosferskim promenama i drugim vestima kao što su tržišni izveštaji koji se tiču poljoprivrednika. Računari postaju nezamenjivo pomagalo u upravljanju poljoprivrednim gazdinstvima.

Prema Nacionalnoj inženjerskoj akademiji iz SAD, poljoprivredna mehanizacija je među prvih 20 inženjerskih dostignuća dvadesetog veka. Početkom 1900-tih, jedan američki farmer je proizvodio količinu hrane koja je podmirivala potrebe 2,5 čoveka, dok je danas jedan farmer u stanju da nahrani preko 130 ljudi.[2]. Ipak ovaj napredak se plaća ogromnim energetskim ulaganjima iz neobnovljivih izvora (fosilna goriva).

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Reference

  1. Philpott, Tom (19 April 2013). „A Brief History of Our Deadly Addiction to Nitrogen Fertilizer”. Mother Jones. Pristupljeno 7 May 2013. 
  2. Scheierling, Susanne M. (1995). „Overcoming agricultural pollution of water: the challenge of integrating agricultural and environmental policies in the European Union, Volume 1”. The World Bank. Pristupljeno 15 April 2013. 
  3. „CAP Reform”. European Commission. 2003. Pristupljeno 15 April 2013. 
  4. Smith, Kate; Edwards, Rob (8 March 2008). „2008: The year of global food crisis”. The Herald (Glasgow). 
  5. „The global grain bubble”. The Christian Science Monitor. 18 January 2008. Pristupljeno 26 September 2013. 
  6. „The cost of food: Facts and figures”. BBC News Online. 16 October 2008. Pristupljeno 26 September 2013. 
  7. Walt, Vivienne (27 February 2008). „The World's Growing Food-Price Crisis”. Time. 
  8. Watts, Jonathan (4 December 2007). "Riots and hunger feared as demand for grain sends food costs soaring", The Guardian (London).
  9. Mortished, Carl (7 March 2008)."Already we have riots, hoarding, panic: the sign of things to come?", The Times (London).
  10. Borger, Julian (26 February 2008). "Feed the world? We are fighting a losing battle, UN admits", The Guardian (London).
  11. „Food prices: smallholder farmers can be part of the solution”. International Fund for Agricultural Development. Pristupljeno 24 April 2013. 
  12. „Wheat Stem Rust – UG99 (Race TTKSK)”. FAO. Pristupljeno 6 January 2014. 
  13. Sample, Ian (31 August 2007). "Global food crisis looms as climate change and population growth strip fertile land", The Guardian (London).
  14. "Africa may be able to feed only 25% of its population by 2025", mongabay.com, 14 December 2006.
  15. M. Pietrzak, D. Walczak. 2014. The Analysis of the Agrarian Structure in Poland with the Special Consideration of the Years 1921 and 2002, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol 20, No 5, pp. 1025, 1038.
  16. „Agricultural Productivity in the United States”. USDA Economic Research Service. 5 July 2012. Pristupljeno 22 April 2013. 
  17. „Analysis of farming systems”. Food and Agriculture Organization. Pristupljeno 22 May 2013. 
  18. 18,0 18,1 Acquaah, G. 2002. Agricultural Production Systems. pp. 283–317 in "Principles of Crop Production, Theories, Techniques and Technology". Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
  19. 19,0 19,1 19,2 Chrispeels, M.J.; Sadava, D.E. 1994. "Farming Systems: Development, Productivity, and Sustainability". pp. 25–57 in Plants, Genes, and Agriculture. Jones and Bartlett, Boston, MA.
  20. 20,0 20,1 „Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAOSTAT)”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 18 January 2013. Pristupljeno 2 February 2013. 

Literatura

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