Albanski nacionalni mitovi

Albanski nacionalni mitovi odnosi se na gledišta neutemeljena ili slabo utemeljena u istoriografskoj nauci koja su odabrana, izmišljena ili preuređena te upotrebljena u oblikovanju albanske nacionalne ideologije. Postoje sledeći mitovi albanskog nacionalizma^[1]^[2]^[3]:

Mit o Skenderbegu
Antemurale mit
Mit o albanskoj indiferentnosti prema religiji
Mit o albanskom poreklu i pravu prioriteta
Mit o etničkoj homogenosti i kulturnoj čistoći
Mit o kontinuitetu nacionalne borbe

Mit o ilirskom poreklu i pravu prioriteta

Uprkos tome što prvi pisani tragovi o Albancima datiraju iz drugog milenijuma nove ere, jedna od pretpostavki o poreklu Albanaca je upotrebljena u cilju stvaranja mita o Ilirskom poreklu etničkih Albanaca u modernom smislu i njihovoj ekskluzivnoj authohtonosti na Balkanu.^[4]

Mitologizacija srednjeg veka

Centralno mesto u mitovima albanske nacionalne ideologije imaju mitovi iz srednjeg veka. Srednjevekovni mitovi su važan deo nacionalizacije istorije i rekonstrukcije prošlosti kao neodvojivog dela svih procesa koji pretvaraju određene ljude u naciju.^[5]

Mit o Skenderbegu

Glavni članak: Mit o Skenderbegu

U periodu od 15. do kraja 19. veka

Stvaranje mita o Skenderbegu je počelo u 15. veku, kada je on, za razliku od ostalih pravoslavnih balkanskih feudalaca, uspostavio savezništvo sa zapadnim katoličkim carstvima (Mletačka Republika i Napuljsko kraljevstvo) i Vatikanom. Papa Kalist III je veličao Skenderbega i isticao ga za primer koji bi zapadni vitezovi trebalo da slede, kao nekoga ko je istinski Athleta Christi. Papa Kalist III i njegov naslednik papa Pije II su postavili temelje Skenderbegove reputacije herojskog branioca hrišćanske vere, reputacije koja će se održavati u Evropi tokom narednih vekova.^[6] Osnova Mita o Skenderbegu je zbog toga sve do kraja 19. veka bilo hrišćanstvo. Skenderbeg bio upotrebljen kao sastavni deo antemurale mita u kojem je Skenderbeg bio predstavljen kao bedem hrišćanstva pred invazijom muslimanskih hordi iz Azije.

U periodu posle kraja 19. veka

Iako je Skenderbeg već imao određenih uticaja na formiranje identiteta Albanske dijaspore u Italiji, tek na samom kraju 19. veka posle 1898. i objavljivanja knjige koju je napisao Naim Frašeri ("Istori'e Skenderbeut") lik Skendbega je dobio novu dimenziju, dimenziju kojom je njegov lik vezan ne za religiju, već za naciju.^[7] Naim Frašeri je bio najveća inspiracija i uzor većini Albanskih intelektualaca i pesnika.^[8] U nedostatku srednjevekovnog albanskog kraljevstva ili carstva, albanski nacionalisti su za svoj simbol odabrali Skenderbega čija herojska tragedija ime sve elemente koji su potrebni za izgradnju mita.^[9]

Albanski nacionalisti su podvrgli Skenderbegov lik procesu Albanizacije i prikazali ga kao heroja nacije.^[10] Knjige i publikacije koje su objavljivane posle Frašerijeve knjige su takođe prikazivale Skenderbega kao heroja nacije.^[11] Laboratorija albanskih nacionalističkih pisaca je transformisala Skenderbega u mit.^[12] Transformacija Skenderbega je imala za cilj da učvrsti nacionalno jedinstvo Albanaca i da posluži kao argument za tvrdnje o Albanskom kulturnom afinitetu prema Evropi zato što je u nacionalističkom narativu o Skenderbegu prikazano žrtvovanje Albanaca u "odbrani Evrope od invazije Azijatskih hordi".^[13] Albanska istoriografija je učinila značajan napor da prilagodi činjenice o Skenderbegu zahtevima savremene ideologije.^[14]

Tretman mitova albanske nacionalne ideologije

Mitovi koji oblikuju albansku nacionalnu ideologiju su bili predmet međunarodne konferencije pod nazivom „Uloga mitova u istoriji i razvoju Albanije“ održane od 11. do 13. juna 1999. godine u Londonu.

Posledice mitova albanske nacionalne ideologije

Mitovi albanske nacionalne ideologije su ostvarili značajan uticaj u svom drušvenom i političkom okruženju.

Uticaj na kulturu

Veliki broj umetnika je crpeo svoju inspiraciju iz mitova albanske nacionalne ideologije. Ismail Kadare je jedan od takvih umetnika ^[15] koji ističe da je najvažnije ubediti Albance da oni imaju veličanstvenu istoriju i da teškoće sa kojima se suočavaju ne treba da budu razlog da se „ohlade“ po pitanju svoje otadžbine već naprotiv, da stoje još čvršće uz nju.^[16]

Reference

↑ King, Russell Nicola Mai (2008) „Social Exclusion and Integration” Out of Albania: From Crisis Migration to Social Inclusion in Italy Berghahn Books p. 212 ISBN 978-1-84545-544-6 »...three main constitutive myths at work within Albanian nationalism ...Secondly, the myth of Skanderbeg, ...«
↑ Steinke, Klaus „Recension of the The living Skanderbeg : the Albanian hero between myth and history / Monica Genesin ... (eds.) Hamburg : Kovač, 2010 Schriftenreihe Orbis ; Bd. 16” (Nemački) QUELLE Informationsmittel (IFB) : digitales Rezensionsorgan für Bibliothek und Wissenschaft. Pristupljeno March 24, 2011 »Im nationalen Mythus der Albaner nimmt er den zentralen Platz ein,...«
↑ Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2010) Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa 4 Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien p. 217 ISBN 978-3-631-60295-9
↑ „Texts and Documents of Albanian History”. Robert Elsie. Pristupljeno 5. decembar 2010. »Unfortunately, we possess no substantial documents from the first millennium AD which could help us trace the Albanians further back into history....Albanians themselves ....are passionately interested in tracing their roots and in establishing their autochthony in the Balkans.« (en)
↑ „Albanian identities: myth and history”. Bloomington, Indiana, 47404-3797 USA: Indiana University Press, 601 North Morton Street. Pristupljeno 16. oktobar 2010. »The recreation of the past is an indispensable of any process which makes a peopla a nation. ... But history itself was not sufficient as this is where as what has come to be known as nationalization of the history enters the play.« (en)
↑ „Skanderbeg: ein Aufstand und sein Anführer.” (Engleski). Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2011-07-23. Pristupljeno 6. decembar 2010. »Calixtus III celebrated Scanderbeg as a shining example for Western princes, as a true Athleta Christi. He and his successor, Pius II, thus laid the foundations for Scanderbeg’s reputation as a heroic defender of the faith, renown that lasted in Europe for centuries.«
↑ Clayer, Nathalie (2007), Aux origines du nationalisme albanais: la naissance d'une nation, Karthala, p. 441, ISBN 978-2-84586-816-8, »Avant 1896, une image de Skanderbeg heros de l orthodoxie Grecque s'etait largement developpee dans les regions meridionales tandis que, dans le regions proches du Montenegro, en 1897 encore, des poemes epiques dans lesqueles il etait celebre comme un guerrier slave etaient de plus en plus difuses. Meme s'il etait egalement deja apparu dans la construction d'un passe national albanais (en particulier Arberesh) , dans les toutes dernieres annes du XIX siecle, sa figure prit une nuovelle dimension.«
↑ Elsie, Robert (2005), „Writing in the independence period” (English), Albanian literature: a short history, London: I.B. Tauris in association with the Centre for Albanian Studies, p. 100, ISBN 1845110315, pristupljeno January 18, 2011, »major source of inspiration and guiding lights for most Albanian poets and intellectuals«
↑ Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Bernd Jürgen Fischer, Roderick Bailey, Isa Blumi, Nathalie Clayer, Ger Dujizings, Denisa Costovicova, Annie Lafontaine, Fatos Lubonja, Nicola Mai, Noel Malcolm, Piro Misha, Mariella Pandolfi, Gilles de Rapper, Fabian Schmidt, George Shopflin, Elias G. Skoulidas, Alex Standish and Galia Vatchinova (2002), „Invention of nationalism: Myth and amnesia” (English), Albanian identities: myth and history, USA: Indiana University Press, p. 43, ISBN 0-253-34189-2, »..an episode taken from medieval history was central for Albanian national mythology. In the absence of medieval kingdom or empire the Albanian nationalists choose Skanderbeg....«
↑ Clayer, Nathalie (2007), Aux origines du nationalisme albanais: la naissance d'une nation, Karthala, p. 441, ISBN 978-2-84586-816-8, »L'une des evolutions les plus remarquables fut l'albanisation de la figure de Skanderbeg et sa mise en avant en tant que heros national«
↑ Clayer, Nathalie (2007), Aux origines du nationalisme albanais: la naissance d'une nation, Karthala, p. 441, ISBN 978-2-84586-816-8, »La parution en 1898 de l'Historie de Skanderbeg, un poeme epique compose par Naim Frasheri, y contribua beacoup. Mais, d'autres ouvrages et periodiques mirent aussi l'accent sur celui qui etait de plus en plus largement considere comme le "heros national". Faik Konica rassembla des materiaux sur Skanderbeg, afin d'alimenter les pages de l'Albania.«
↑ Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Bernd Jürgen Fischer, Roderick Bailey, Isa Blumi, Nathalie Clayer, Ger Dujizings, Denisa Costovicova, Annie Lafontaine, Fatos Lubonja, Nicola Mai, Noel Malcolm, Piro Misha, Mariella Pandolfi, Gilles de Rapper, Fabian Schmidt, George Shopflin, Elias G. Skoulidas, Alex Standish and Galia Vatchinova (2002), „Invention of nationalism: Myth and amnesia” (English), Albanian identities: myth and history, USA: Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-34189-2, »The nationalistic writers...subjecting him to that laboratory that serves to transform history into myth.«
↑ Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Bernd Jürgen Fischer, Roderick Bailey, Isa Blumi, Nathalie Clayer, Ger Dujizings, Denisa Costovicova, Annie Lafontaine, Fatos Lubonja, Nicola Mai, Noel Malcolm, Piro Misha, Mariella Pandolfi, Gilles de Rapper, Fabian Schmidt, George Shopflin, Elias G. Skoulidas, Alex Standish and Galia Vatchinova (2002) (English), Albanian identities: myth and history, USA: Indiana University Press, p. 43, ISBN 0-253-34189-2, »... transformation of Skanderbeg into national symbol did not just serve national cohesion... in the national narrative Skanderbeg symbolised the sublime sacrifice of the Albanians in defending Europe from the Asiatic hordes.«
↑ Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010) On the Border - Transborder Mobility, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries along the Albanian-Greek Frontier Berlin: Lit Verlag p. 213 ISBN 978-3-643-10793-0 OCLC 700517914 »Even a quick look into the historiography of those times suffices to see the effort to adapt the story of Skenderbeg to contemporary ideological stipulations.«
↑ „Judging a Book in Translation”. The Magazine of the Historical Novel Society. novembar 2005. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2010-06-27. Pristupljeno 16. oktobar 2010. »„Above all, Kadare draws on the myths and history of medieval Albania, which provide a rich vein of parable, political allegory, and metaphor.“ u prevodu „Kadare, pre svega, crpi inspiraciju iz mitova i istorije srednjevekovne Albanije koja obezbeđuje izdašan izvor jezgrovite političke alegorije i metafore“«
↑ „Albanian identities: myth and history”. Bloomington, Indiana, 47404-3797 USA: Indiana University Press, 601 North Morton Street. Pristupljeno 16. oktobar 2010. »It is more important, in the words of Ismail Kadare, to convince them that they had splendid history and that national calamities were not reason for them to cool down about the fatherland, but on the contrary, to stand closer to it.« (en)

Vanjske veze

Albanian identities: myth and history; Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers,Bernd Jürgen Fischer

[1] King, Russell Nicola Mai (2008) „Social Exclusion and Integration” Out of Albania: From Crisis Migration to Social Inclusion in Italy Berghahn Books p. 212 ISBN 978-1-84545-544-6 »...three main constitutive myths at work within Albanian nationalism ...Secondly, the myth of Skanderbeg, ...«

[2] Steinke, Klaus „Recension of the The living Skanderbeg : the Albanian hero between myth and history / Monica Genesin ... (eds.) Hamburg : Kovač, 2010 Schriftenreihe Orbis ; Bd. 16” (Nemački) QUELLE Informationsmittel (IFB) : digitales Rezensionsorgan für Bibliothek und Wissenschaft. Pristupljeno March 24, 2011 »Im nationalen Mythus der Albaner nimmt er den zentralen Platz ein,...«

[3] Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2010) Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa 4 Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Bruxelles, New York, Oxford, Wien p. 217 ISBN 978-3-631-60295-9

[4] „Texts and Documents of Albanian History”. Robert Elsie. Pristupljeno 5. decembar 2010. »Unfortunately, we possess no substantial documents from the first millennium AD which could help us trace the Albanians further back into history....Albanians themselves ....are passionately interested in tracing their roots and in establishing their autochthony in the Balkans.« (en)

[5] „Albanian identities: myth and history”. Bloomington, Indiana, 47404-3797 USA: Indiana University Press, 601 North Morton Street. Pristupljeno 16. oktobar 2010. »The recreation of the past is an indispensable of any process which makes a peopla a nation. ... But history itself was not sufficient as this is where as what has come to be known as nationalization of the history enters the play.« (en)

[6] „Skanderbeg: ein Aufstand und sein Anführer.” (Engleski). Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2011-07-23. Pristupljeno 6. decembar 2010. »Calixtus III celebrated Scanderbeg as a shining example for Western princes, as a true Athleta Christi. He and his successor, Pius II, thus laid the foundations for Scanderbeg’s reputation as a heroic defender of the faith, renown that lasted in Europe for centuries.«

[7] Clayer, Nathalie (2007), Aux origines du nationalisme albanais: la naissance d'une nation, Karthala, p. 441, ISBN 978-2-84586-816-8, »Avant 1896, une image de Skanderbeg heros de l orthodoxie Grecque s'etait largement developpee dans les regions meridionales tandis que, dans le regions proches du Montenegro, en 1897 encore, des poemes epiques dans lesqueles il etait celebre comme un guerrier slave etaient de plus en plus difuses. Meme s'il etait egalement deja apparu dans la construction d'un passe national albanais (en particulier Arberesh) , dans les toutes dernieres annes du XIX siecle, sa figure prit une nuovelle dimension.«

[8] Elsie, Robert (2005), „Writing in the independence period” (English), Albanian literature: a short history, London: I.B. Tauris in association with the Centre for Albanian Studies, p. 100, ISBN 1845110315, pristupljeno January 18, 2011, »major source of inspiration and guiding lights for most Albanian poets and intellectuals«

[9] Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Bernd Jürgen Fischer, Roderick Bailey, Isa Blumi, Nathalie Clayer, Ger Dujizings, Denisa Costovicova, Annie Lafontaine, Fatos Lubonja, Nicola Mai, Noel Malcolm, Piro Misha, Mariella Pandolfi, Gilles de Rapper, Fabian Schmidt, George Shopflin, Elias G. Skoulidas, Alex Standish and Galia Vatchinova (2002), „Invention of nationalism: Myth and amnesia” (English), Albanian identities: myth and history, USA: Indiana University Press, p. 43, ISBN 0-253-34189-2, »..an episode taken from medieval history was central for Albanian national mythology. In the absence of medieval kingdom or empire the Albanian nationalists choose Skanderbeg....«

[10] Clayer, Nathalie (2007), Aux origines du nationalisme albanais: la naissance d'une nation, Karthala, p. 441, ISBN 978-2-84586-816-8, »L'une des evolutions les plus remarquables fut l'albanisation de la figure de Skanderbeg et sa mise en avant en tant que heros national«

[11] Clayer, Nathalie (2007), Aux origines du nationalisme albanais: la naissance d'une nation, Karthala, p. 441, ISBN 978-2-84586-816-8, »La parution en 1898 de l'Historie de Skanderbeg, un poeme epique compose par Naim Frasheri, y contribua beacoup. Mais, d'autres ouvrages et periodiques mirent aussi l'accent sur celui qui etait de plus en plus largement considere comme le "heros national". Faik Konica rassembla des materiaux sur Skanderbeg, afin d'alimenter les pages de l'Albania.«

[12] Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Bernd Jürgen Fischer, Roderick Bailey, Isa Blumi, Nathalie Clayer, Ger Dujizings, Denisa Costovicova, Annie Lafontaine, Fatos Lubonja, Nicola Mai, Noel Malcolm, Piro Misha, Mariella Pandolfi, Gilles de Rapper, Fabian Schmidt, George Shopflin, Elias G. Skoulidas, Alex Standish and Galia Vatchinova (2002), „Invention of nationalism: Myth and amnesia” (English), Albanian identities: myth and history, USA: Indiana University Press, ISBN 0-253-34189-2, »The nationalistic writers...subjecting him to that laboratory that serves to transform history into myth.«

[13] Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Bernd Jürgen Fischer, Roderick Bailey, Isa Blumi, Nathalie Clayer, Ger Dujizings, Denisa Costovicova, Annie Lafontaine, Fatos Lubonja, Nicola Mai, Noel Malcolm, Piro Misha, Mariella Pandolfi, Gilles de Rapper, Fabian Schmidt, George Shopflin, Elias G. Skoulidas, Alex Standish and Galia Vatchinova (2002) (English), Albanian identities: myth and history, USA: Indiana University Press, p. 43, ISBN 0-253-34189-2, »... transformation of Skanderbeg into national symbol did not just serve national cohesion... in the national narrative Skanderbeg symbolised the sublime sacrifice of the Albanians in defending Europe from the Asiatic hordes.«

[14] Nitsiakos, Vassilis (2010) On the Border - Transborder Mobility, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries along the Albanian-Greek Frontier Berlin: Lit Verlag p. 213 ISBN 978-3-643-10793-0 OCLC 700517914 »Even a quick look into the historiography of those times suffices to see the effort to adapt the story of Skenderbeg to contemporary ideological stipulations.«

[15] „Judging a Book in Translation”. The Magazine of the Historical Novel Society. novembar 2005. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2010-06-27. Pristupljeno 16. oktobar 2010. »„Above all, Kadare draws on the myths and history of medieval Albania, which provide a rich vein of parable, political allegory, and metaphor.“ u prevodu „Kadare, pre svega, crpi inspiraciju iz mitova i istorije srednjevekovne Albanije koja obezbeđuje izdašan izvor jezgrovite političke alegorije i metafore“«

[16] „Albanian identities: myth and history”. Bloomington, Indiana, 47404-3797 USA: Indiana University Press, 601 North Morton Street. Pristupljeno 16. oktobar 2010. »It is more important, in the words of Ismail Kadare, to convince them that they had splendid history and that national calamities were not reason for them to cool down about the fatherland, but on the contrary, to stand closer to it.« (en)

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