Nigerijski građanski rat – razlika između verzija
Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8 |
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.1 |
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* [http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_351.shtml Civil War in Nigeria (Biafra), 1967–1970] |
* [http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_351.shtml Civil War in Nigeria (Biafra), 1967–1970] |
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* [http://marcusgarvey.com/wmview.php?ArtID=542 The Nigerian Civil War – Marcus Garvey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630093615/http://www.marcusgarvey.com/wmview.php?ArtID=542 |date=2007-06-30 }} |
* [http://marcusgarvey.com/wmview.php?ArtID=542 The Nigerian Civil War – Marcus Garvey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630093615/http://www.marcusgarvey.com/wmview.php?ArtID=542 |date=2007-06-30 }} |
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* [http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/post/nigeria/civilwar.html Wole Soyinka and the Nigerian Civil War] |
* [http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/post/nigeria/civilwar.html Wole Soyinka and the Nigerian Civil War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630184538/http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/post/nigeria/civilwar.html |date=2007-06-30 }} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727074532/http://massob.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/Biafra-Nigeria_Civil_War_Documentary_Fighting_a_War_without_GUNS.flv Biafra-Nigeria Civil War Documentary BBC-Fighting a War without Guns] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110727074532/http://massob.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/Biafra-Nigeria_Civil_War_Documentary_Fighting_a_War_without_GUNS.flv Biafra-Nigeria Civil War Documentary BBC-Fighting a War without Guns] |
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* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1992/AAA.htm The Nigerian Civil War: Causes, Strategies, And Lessons Learnt] |
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1992/AAA.htm The Nigerian Civil War: Causes, Strategies, And Lessons Learnt] |
Verzija na datum 5 oktobar 2021 u 18:20
Nigerijski građanski rat | |||||||
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Sukobljene strane | |||||||
Nigerija Egipat (zračna podrška)[1] podržavali:[1] Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo |
Biafra
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Komandanti i vođe | |||||||
Yakubu Gowon Murtala Mohammed Benjamin Adekunle Olusegun Obasanjo Theophilus Danjuma Isaac Adaka Boro † |
Odumegwu Ojukwu Philip Effiong Albert Okonkwo Tim Onwuatuegwu † Victor Banjo Rolf Steiner Taffy Williams Patrick Nzeogwu † | ||||||
Snage | |||||||
120.000 | 30,000 | ||||||
Žrtve i gubici | |||||||
10.000 vojnih gubitaka | 25.000 vojnih gubitaka | ||||||
1.000.000[8]–2.000.000 civilnih žrtava[9] |
Rat u Biafri (engl. Biafra War) ili Nigerijski građanski rat (engl. Nigerian Civil War) je bio oružani sukob koji se od 1967. do 1970. godine vodio u jugoistočnom dijelu Nigerije između snaga nigerijske vlade na jednoj, te separatističkih pobunjenika organiziranih u samoproglašenu Republiku Biafru na drugoj strani. Kao uzroci sukoba se pretežno navode etničke i religijske napetosti između pretežno muslimanskog stanovništva iz naroda Hausa na sjeveru, te pretežno kršćanskog i animističkog stanovništva iz naroda Igbo na jugu države, a koje su eskalirale u prvim godinama nakon sticanja nezavisnosti od Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva. Koristeći pogrome pripadnika naroda Igbo na sjeveru kao izgovor, čelnici jugoistočnih provincija su 30. maja 1967. godine proglasili secesiju od ostatka Nigerije, a nakon čega je 6. jula 1967. nigerijska vlada započela "policijsku akciju" sa ciljem stavljanja Biafre pod nadzor centralne vlasti. Iako je Biafra logistički, brojčano i na druge načine bila inferiorna centralnoj vlasti, uspjela je nekoliko godina pružati žestoki otpor i spriječavati ofenzive nigerijske vojske. To je nigerijske vlasti natjeralo da otpor Biafre pokušaju slomiti ekonomskom blokadom, a što je tokom sljedećih godina dovelo do masovne gladi u Biafri. Na kraju je otpor Biafre uspješno slomljen 1970. godine. Računa se da je tokom njega stradalo između jedan i dva miliona ljudi, što ga čini jednim od najkrvavijih oružanih sukoba u 20. vijeku.
Izvori
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 http://www.litencyc.com/theliterarymagazine/biafra.php
- ↑ Awoyokun, Damola (19 February 2013). „BIAFRA: The Untold Story of Nigeria’s civil war”. P.M. News.
- ↑ „Archive copy”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2008-03-12. Pristupljeno 2014-05-28.
- ↑ Genocide and the Europeans, 2010. Page 71.
- ↑ Malcolm MacDonald: Bringing an End to Empire, 1995. Page 416.
- ↑ Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria, 2001. Page 54.
- ↑ Africa 1960–1970: Chronicle and Analysis, 2009. Page 423
- ↑ „Ben Okafor remembers the Biafran war”. BBC News. 5.7. 2012.
- ↑ Ryser 2012, str. 24
Literatura
- Ryser, Rudolph C. (2012). Indigenous Nations and Modern States: The Political Emergence of Nations Challenging State Power. Routledge. ISBN 9780415808538.
- Shadows : Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970, by Michael I. Draper (ISBN 1-902109-63-5)
- On Wings of War: My Life as a Pilot Adventurer, by Jan Zumbach
- Warfare of the 20th Century, by Christopher Chant; Chartwell Books, 1988.
- The Nigerian Revolution and the Biafran War, by Alexander A. Madiebo; Fourth Dimension Publishers, 1980.
- Surviving the Iron Curtain: A Microscopic View of What Life Was Like, Inside a War-Torn Region by Chief Uche Jim Ojiaku, ISBN 1-4241-7070-2; ISBN 978-1-4241-7070-8 (2007)
- Ejibunu, Hassan Tai: Nigeria´s Delta Crisis: Root Causes and Peacelessness – EPU Research Papers: Issue 07/07, Stadtschlaining 2007
- Instability and Political Order: Politics and Crisis in Nigeria, Billy Dudley, Ibadan University Press, 1974
- There Was a Country, by Chinua Achebe; Penguin Press, 2012. (ISBN 978-1-59420-482-1)
Vanjske veze
- Map of Nigerian Civil War
- Civil War in Nigeria (Biafra), 1967–1970
- The Nigerian Civil War – Marcus Garvey Arhivirano 2007-06-30 na Wayback Machine-u
- Wole Soyinka and the Nigerian Civil War Arhivirano 2007-06-30 na Wayback Machine-u
- Biafra-Nigeria Civil War Documentary BBC-Fighting a War without Guns
- The Nigerian Civil War: Causes, Strategies, And Lessons Learnt
- Short history and assessment of the MFI-9B "MiniCOIN" in Biafran air force service
- Nicknames, Slogans, Local and Operational Names Associated with the Nigerian Civil War
- Quick Kill in Slow Motion: The Nigerian Civil War
- A view of blunders in the Nigerian strategy
- The Nigerian Civil War: Causes, Strategies, And Lessons Learnt
- Biafran Genocide on the Combat Genocide Association website