Xian (taoizam)
Izgled
Xian (kineski: 仙/仚/僊; pinyin: 'xiān'; Wade-Giles: hsien) je kineska riječ za prosvijetljenu osobu, koja se može prevesti kao:
- "duhovni besmrtnik; transcendent; natčovjek; nebesko biće (u taoističkoj filozofiji i kozmologiji)
- fizički besmrtnik; besmrtna osoba; besmrtnik; svetac (u taoističkoj religiji i panteonu)
- alkemičar; onaj koji traži eliksir života; onaj koji prakticira tehnike za produženje života ili (alkemijske, dijetne, qigong) metode za postizanje nesmrtnosti (u kineskoj alkemiji)
- čarobnjak; šaman (u kineskoj mitologiji)
- duh; vilenjak; vila; nimfa" (u popularnoj kineskoj književnosti, 仙境 xian jing je "vilinska zemlja")
- mudrac koji živi u planinama; planinski čovjek; pustinjak; samotnjak (narodna etimologija za slovo 仙)
- besmrtnik (talent); nadarena osoba; nebeski ljepotan ili ljepotica; izuzetna osoba (metafora)
Xian se semantički razvio od koncepta duhovne besmrtnosti ("prosvjetljenje") do koncepta fizičke besmrtnosti ("dugovječnost") kroz metode kao što su alkemija, meditacija, vježbe disanja i T'ai chi ch'uan, što je dovelo do pojave legendarnih "besmrtnika".
- Akahori, Akira. 1989. "Drug Taking and Immortality", in Taoist Meditation and Longevity Techniques, ed. Livia Kohn. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, pp. 73–98. ISBN 0-89264-084-7.
- Blofeld, John. 1978. Taoism: The Road to Immortality. Boston: Shambhala. ISBN 1-57062-589-1.
- Campany, Robert Ford. 2002. To Live As Long As Heaven and Earth: Ge Hong’s Traditions of Divine Transcendents. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 18–31, 52–60 and 75–78. ISBN 0-520-23034-5.
- DeWoskin, Kenneth. 1990. "Xian Descended: Narrating Xian among Mortals." Taoist Resources 1.2:21–27.
- Fox, Alan. Zhuangzi, in Great Thinkers of the Eastern World, Ian P. McGreal ed., HarperCollins Publishers, 1995, 99–103.
- Hawkes, David, tr. 1985. The Songs of the South: An Anthology of Ancient Chinese Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044375-4.
- Hsi, Lai. 2001. The Sexual Teachings of the White Tigress: Secrets of the Female Taoist Masters. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books, pp. 48. ISBN 0-89281-868-9.
- Hsi, Lai. 2002. The Sexual Teachings of the Jade Dragon: Taoist Methods for Male Sexual Revitalization. Rochester, Vermont: Destiny Books. pp. 99–100. ISBN 0-89281-963-4.
- Kohn, Livia. 1993. The Taoist Experience: an anthology. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-1579-1.
- Komjathy, Louis. 2004. Daoist Texts in Translation Arhivirano 2010-09-20 na Wayback Machine-u.
- Mair, Victor H. 1994. Wandering on the Way: early Taoist tales and parables of Chuang Tzu. New York: Bantam. ISBN 0-553-37406-0.
- Needham, Joseph and Wang Ling. 1954. Science and Civilisation in China, vol. 2. Cambridge University Press.
- Paper, Jordan D. 1995. The Spirits Are Drunk: Comparative Approaches to Chinese Religion. State University of New York Press.
- Robinet, Isabel. 1986. "The Taoist Immortal: Jesters of Light and Shadow, Heaven and Earth" Arhivirano 2011-08-08 na Wayback Machine-u. Journal of Chinese Religions 13/14:87–106.
- Schipper, Kristofer. 1993. The Taoist Body. Berkeley: University of California. ISBN 0-520-08224-9.
- Schuessler, Axel. 2007. ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1111-9.
- Watson, Burton, tr. 1968. The Complete works of Chuang Tzu. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-03147-5.
- Welch, Holmes. 1957. Taoism: The Parting of the Way. Boston: Beacon Press. ISBN 0-8070-5973-0.
- Wong, Eva. 2000. The Tao of Health, Longevity, and Immortality: The Teachings of Immortals Chung and Lü. Boston: Shambhala.
- Wu Lu-ch’iang and Tenney L. Davis. 1935. "An Ancient Chinese Alchemical Classic. Ko Hung on the Gold Medicine and on the Yellow and the White]", Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 70:221-84.
- "Transcendence and Immortality" Arhivirano 2012-02-05 na Wayback Machine-u, Russell Kirkland, The Encyclopedia of Taoism
- Chapter Seven: Later Daoism Arhivirano 2011-07-23 na Wayback Machine-u, Gregory Smits, Topics in Premodern Chinese History
- Immortals and Immortalism Arhivirano 2008-04-24 na Wayback Machine-u, Taoist Culture & Information Centre
- Xian, Encyclopedia of Religion