Španska groznica

Prizor iz vojne bolnice sa bolesnicima od španske groznice (Fort Riley, Kansas, Camp Funston)

Španska groznica ili Španski grip je bila jedna od najsmrtonosnijih pandemija u istoriji čovečanstva. Pojavila se pri kraju Prvog svetskog rata, a u tri talasa se širila Zemljom. Prema novijim procenama, trećina svetske populacije je bila inficirana i imala je klinički ispoljenu bolest (oko petsto miliona ljudi), a umrlo je oko pedeset miliona ljudi. Dakle, španska groznica je odnela pet puta više života nego Prvi svetski rat. Njen uzročnik bio je virus influence A (H1N1). Proučavanje španske groznice možda može doneti rezultate koji će pomoći da se izbegne pojava neke nove smrtonosne pandemije.

Simptomi

Žrtve španske groznice uveliko su patile. Nekoliko sati nakon osećanja prvih simptoma, javljali su se ekstremni umor, groznica i glavobolja, a žrtve su pomodrile. Ponekad je plava boja postala toliko izražena da je bilo teško odrediti orginalnu boju kože pacijenta. Pacijenti bi imali tako snažan kašalj da su neki pokidali čak i svoje trbušne mišiće. Pena i krv su navirali iz usta i nosa. Neki su krvarili i iz ušiju, neki povraćali, a drugi nisu mogli kontrolisati svoje ponašanje, mokrenje ili defekaciju. Španska groznica pogodila je svet tako naglo i teško da su mnoge od njenih žrtava umrle u roku od nekoliko sati od prvog simproma. Neki su umrli dan ili dva nakon što su shvatili da su bolestni. Ozbiljnost ove groznice bila ja alarmantna. LJudi su širom sveta bili zabrinuti da će pogoditi i njih. Neki gradovi naredili svima da nose maske. Pljuvanje i kašalj u javnosti je zabranjeno. Zatvorene su škole i pozorišta. a ograničena masovnija okupljanja.

Istorija

Prvi talas pandemije španske groznice započeo je u proleće 1918. Za njim su usledila dva talasa koja su odnela najveći broj života. Drugi pandemijski talas započeo je u jesen 1918., a treći u zimu 1919. Geografska lokacija prve pojave pandemičnog virusa nije poznata, a postoji mišljenje da je bolest nazvana „španskom“ zbog toga što Španija nije bila učesnik rata, te se o bolesti od samog početka otvoreno pisalo u štampi, za razliku od drugih zemalja gde je bila prisutna jaka cenzura. Podataka o broju obolelih i umrlih u našoj zemlji tokom španske groznice ima malo, čemu su uzrok složene ratne okolnosti i stvaranje nove države upravo u vremenu kada je bolest bila prisutna. Međutim, gotovo sigurno je bolest uzela veliki danak, kao i u drugim evropskim državama. Bolest se javila kod srpskih vojnika u aprilu na Krfu, a u julu na Solunskom frontu. Pre početka španske groznice, a od 1890. godine, smatralo se da influencu izaziva Haemophilus influenzae (Pfajferov bacil). Pfajfer je ovu bakteriju pronašao tokom pandemije influence 1889 – 1890. godine. Tokom trajanja španske groznice javlja se sumnja u pogledu tačnosti navođenja Pfajferovog bacila kao etiološkog uzročnika influence. Petog oktobra 2005. objavljeno je da je rekonstruisan, odnosno praktično ponovno oživljen uzročnik španske groznice. Rekonstrukciju su izveli naučnici iz Si Di Sija (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) iz Atlante, u saradnji sa naučnicima Instituta za Patologiju američke vojske i Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Naučnici se nadaju da će detaljnim proučavanjem virusa španske groznice u potpunosti izučiti osnovu virulencije i patogenosti virusa influence. Velika pažnja je usmerena na ova izučavanja zbog globalnog straha da bi aktuelni ptičiji grip, izazvan virusom influence A (H5N1), mogao izazvati pandemiju poput one 1918.-1919. godine. Upoređivanjem virusa španske groznice i aktuelnog virusa ptičijeg gripa nastoje se izvući zaključci o tome koliko je blizu ili daleko virus ptičijeg gripa od pandemične sposobnosti. Naučnici smatraju da gotovo zasigurno rekonstruisani virus španske groznice ne bi izazvao bolest takvih razmera kao 1918. godine u slučaju izlaska iz laboratorije. Razlog tome je globalni imunitet koji je stvoren kontaktom sa H1N1 virusima influence.

Literatura

• Jeffery K. Taubenberger and David M. Morens, “1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics“, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (www.cdc.gov/eid), Vol. 12, No. 1, January 2006.
• Dr Aleksa Savić, “Influenca”, Štamparska radionica Ministarstva Vojnog, Solun, 1918.
• Krivošejev Vladimir, Epidemija španske groznice u Srbiji 1918-1919, Novi Sad: Prometej, 2020.
• The American Experience, A Letter from Camp Devens, Massachusetts, 1918,(www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/influenza)
• Dr Jov. St. Kujačić, „Influenca ili grip“, Štamparija Glavnog Saveza Srpskih zemljoradničkih Zadruga, Beograd, 1931.
• “Reasearchers Reconstruct 1918 Pandemic Influenza Virus; Effort Designed to Advance Preparedness“, CDC, (www.cdc.gov), October 5, 2005
• Jamie Shreeve, “Why Revive a Deadly Flu Virus?“, The New York Times, January 29, 2006
• časopis „Vox medici“, Novi Sad, maj 2006
• Barry, John M. (2004). The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History. Viking Penguin. ISBN 0-670-89473-7. 
• Bristow, Nancy K. American Pandemic: The Lost Worlds of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic (Oxford University Press, 2012)
• Collier, Richard (1974). The Plague of the Spanish Lady – The Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19. USA: Atheneum. ISBN 978-0-689-10592-0. 
• Crosby, Alfred W. (1976). Epidemic and Peace, 1918. Westport, Ct: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-8371-8376-6. 
• Crosby, Alfred W. (2003). America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918 (2 izd.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-689-10592-4. 
• Davis, Ryan A. The Spanish Flu: Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain, 1918 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013)
• Duncan, Kirsty (2003). Hunting the 1918 flu: one scientist's search for a killer virus (illustrated izd.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8748-5. 
• Ewald, Paul. Evolution of infectious disease, New York, Oxford University Press, 1994.
• Garrett TA (2007), Economic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Implications for a Modern-day Pandemic, Retrieved from http://www.stlouisfed.org/community_development/assets/pdf/pandemic_flu_report.pdf Arhivirano 2012-10-23 na Wayback Machine-u on 11/4/2010
• Honigsbaum, Mark. Living with Enza: The Forgotten Story of Britain and the Great Flu Pandemic of 1918, ISBN 978-0-230-21774-4.
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• Phillips, Howard. "The re-appearing shadow of 1918: trends in the historiography of the 1918-19 influenza pandemic." Canadian Bulletin of Medical History/Bulletin canadien d'histoire de la médecine (2010) 21#1: 121-134.
• Porras Gallo, María Isabel and Ryan A. Davis. The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919: Perspectives from the Iberian Peninsula and the Americas (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2014)
• Beiner, Guy (2006). „Out in the Cold and Back: New-Found Interest in the Great Flu”. Cultural and Social History 3 (4): 496–505. 
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• Humphries, Mark Osborne. The Last Plague: Spanish Influenza and the Politics of Public Health in Canada (University of Toronto Press; 29013) examines the public-policy impact of the 1918 epidemic, which killed 50,000 Canadians.
• Johnson, Niall (2006). Britain and the 1918–19 Influenza Pandemic: A Dark Epilogue. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36560-0. 
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• Little, Jean (2007). If I Die Before I Wake: The Flu Epidemic Diary of Fiona Macgregor, Toronto, Ontario, 1918. Dear Canada. Markham, Ont.: Scholastic Canada. ISBN 978-0-439-98837-7. 
• Noymer, Andrew; Michel Garenne (2000). „The 1918 Influenza Epidemic's Effects on Sex Differentials in Mortality in the United States”. Population and Development Review 26 (3): 565–581. DOI:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2000.00565.x. PMC 2740912. PMID 19530360. 
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• Pettit, Dorothy; Janice Bailie (2008). A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America, 1918–1920. Murfreesboro, TN: Timberlane Books. ISBN 978-0-9715428-2-2. 
• Phillips, Howard; David Killingray (eds) (2003). The Spanish Flu Pandemic of 1918: New Perspectives. London and New York: Routledge. 
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• Rice, Geoffrey W.; Edwina Palmer (1993). „Pandemic Influenza in Japan, 1918–1919: Mortality Patterns and Official Responses”. Journal of Japanese Studies 19 (2): 389–420. DOI:10.2307/132645. JSTOR 132645. 
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Vanjske veze

Španska groznica na Wikimedijinoj ostavi

• Nature "Web Focus" on 1918 flu, including new research
• Influenza Pandemic on stanford.edu
• The Great Pandemic: The U.S. in 1918–1919. Arhivirano 2009-09-10 na Wayback Machine-u US Dept. of HHS
• The American Influenza Epidemic of 1918–1919: A Digital Encyclopedia Largest digital collection of newspapers, archival manuscripts and interpretive essays exploring the impact of the epidemic on 50 U.S. cities (Univ. of Michigan).
• Little evidence for New York City quarantine in 1918 pandemic. 27 Nov 2007 (CIDRAP News) Arhivirano 2013-05-20 na Wayback Machine-u
• Flu by Eileen A. Lynch. The devastating effect of the Spanish flu in the city of Philadelphia, PA, USA
• Dialog: An Interview with Dr. Jeffery Taubenberger on Reconstructing the Spanish Flu
• The Deadly Virus – The Influenza Epidemic of 1918 US National Archives and Records Administration – pictures and records of the time
• The 1918 Influenza Pandemic in New Zealand – includes recorded recollections of people who lived through it
• PBS – recovery of flu samples from Alaskan flu victims Arhivirano 2009-03-04 na Wayback Machine-u
• An Avian Connection as a Catalyst to the 1918–1919 Influenza Pandemic
• Fluwiki.com Annotated links to articles, books and scientific research on the 1918 influenza pandemic
• Alaska Science Forum – Permafrost Preserves Clues to Deadly 1918 Flu Arhivirano 2012-04-19 na Wayback Machine-u
• Pathology of Influenza in France, 1920 Report
• Yesterday's News blog Arhivirano 2008-03-27 na Wayback Machine-u 1918 newspaper account on impact of flu on Minneapolis
• "Study uncovers a lethal secret of 1918 influenza virus" Arhivirano 2007-01-22 na Wayback Machine-u University of Wisconsin – Madison, 17 January 2007
• Spanish Influenza in North America, 1918–1919
• 1918 Influenza Virus and memory B-cells Arhivirano 2008-10-02 na Wayback Machine-u – Exposure to virus generates lifelong immune response.
• Influenza Research Database – Database of influenza genomic sequences and related information.
• Spanish Flu with rare pictures from Otis Historical Archives
• "No Ordinary Flu" Arhivirano 2015-02-25 na Wayback Machine-u a comic book of the 1918 flu pandemic published by Seattle & King County Public Health
• "Influenza 1918" The American Experience (PBS) Arhivirano 2009-12-03 na Wayback Machine-u
• "Closing in on a Killer: Scientists Unlock Clues to the Spanish Influenza Virus" Arhivirano 2009-08-05 na Wayback Machine-u An online exhibit from the National Museum of Health and Medicine.
• Sources for the study of the 1918 influenza pandemic in Sheffield, UK Arhivirano 2016-10-13 na Wayback Machine-u Produced by Sheffield City Council's Libraries and Archives
• Booknotes interview with Gina Kolata on Flu: The Story of the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918 and the Search for the Virus That Caused It, 27 February 2000. Arhivirano 2012-10-03 na Wayback Machine-u