Izvorni kod stranice Vampir

[[Datoteka:Burne-Jones-le-Vampire.jpg|mini|desno|200p|''Vampir'', slika Filipa Bern-Džounsa]]
'''Vampir''' je mitološko biće iz [[stara slovenska vera|slovenske mitologije]], posebno na [[Balkansko poluostrvo|Balkanu]] i u [[Ukrajina|Ukrajini]], koje preživljava tako što se hrani životnom energijom (uglavnom u vidu [[krv]]i) živih bića, bez obzira na to da li je vampir neupokojeno ili živo biće.<ref name=Levkievskaja>{{fr icon}} {{cite journal |last=Levkievskaja |first=E.E. |month=September |year=1997 |title=La mythologie slave : problèmes de répartition dialectale (une étude de cas : le vampire) |journal=Cahiers Slaves |volume=1 |url=http://www.recherches-slaves.paris4.sorbonne.fr/Cahier1/Levkievskaja.htm |accessdate=2007-12-29 |archive-date=2008-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112192340/http://www.recherches-slaves.paris4.sorbonne.fr/Cahier1/Levkievskaja.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref>{{sfn|Créméné|1981|pp=89}}<ref name="Bunson, pp. 219">Bunson, ''Vampire Encyclopedia'', pp. 219.</ref><ref>Slovnik simvolіv, Potapenko O.І., Dmitrenko M. K., Potapenko G.І. ta іn., 1997.[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212332/http://www.ber.te.ua/cgi-bin/dic/dic.php?nom=359] online article.</ref>{{sfn|Dundes|1998|pp=13}}<ref>
{{cite encyclopedia
 | title = Vampire
 | encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia Britannica
 | volume = 27
 | pages = 876
 | publisher = Encyclopaedia Britannica Company
 | year = 1911}}</ref> Vampirom se smatrao duh umrlog ili leš koga je oživeo zao duh ili đavo. Iako su priče o vampirima zabeležena u mnogim kulturama, možda čak i do [[preistorija|praistorije]]<ref>Frost, Brian J. ''The Monster with a Thousand Faces: Guises of the Vampire in Myth and Literature'', Univ. of Wisconsin Press (1989) pp. 3.</ref>, izraz vampir nije postao čest sve do početka 18. veka, nakon priliva vampirskog [[sujeverje|sujeverja]] u [[zapadna Evropa|zapadnu Evropu]] iz oblasti gde su vampirske legende bile česte, poput [[Balkansko poluostrvo|Balkan]]a i [[istočna Evropa|istočne Evrope]]<ref name="SU223">Silver & Ursini, pp. 22–23.</ref>, mada su lokalne varijante su takođe poznat po različitim imenima, kao što su [[vrikolak]] u [[Grčka|Grčkoj]] i [[strigoj]] u [[Rumunija|Rumuniji]]. Na sliku povratnika-vampira koji pije ili sisa krv možda su uticale i grčke [[Lamije]]. Povećan stepen vampirskog sujeverja u Evropi dovodio je do [[masovna histerija|masovne histerije]], a u nekim slučajevima dovodilo je do probijanja leševa i optužbi za vampirizam.

Iako su vampiri iz narodnih verovanja na Balkanu i istočnoj Evropi imali širok spektar oblika u rasponu od skoro čoveka do naduvanih trulih leševa, tumačenje [[hrišćanstvo|hrišćanske crkve]] i uspeh [[vampirska književnost|vampirske književnosti]]<ref name="Development">{{Cite book|author= Mariah Larsson, Ann Steiner|title=Interdisciplinary Approaches to Twilight: Studies in Fiction, Media and a Contemporary Cultural Experience|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IFHoicjI2d8C&pg=PA270|accessdate = 12. 4. 2012.|year=2011|publisher=Nordic Academic Press|isbn=91-85509-63-9|quote=The fear of vampirism embodied in these early conceptions was used by the Church in order to impose its fundamental values on society. The Church therefore changed some of the typical vampire traits and gave them more religious connotations that are still very much in evidence in the vampire genre today. For example, the destruction of the vampire became a religious rite; crucifixes and holy water bestowed protection; and drinking the blood of a sinner strengthened the power of the Devil, while taking Communion afforded the communicant protection. Besides their roots in folklore and the influence of Christianity, vampire traits were shaped in the development of vampire literature.}}</ref><ref name="Lore">{{Cite book|author= James Craig Holte|title=Dracula in the Dark: The Dracula Film Adaptations|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=As8cClbbGqgC&pg=PA14|accessdate = 12. 4. 2012.|year=1997|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]| isbn = 0-313-29215-9|quote=Christian belief played an important part in the development of vampire lore. According to Montague Summers, who describes the Christian position in detail in ''The Vampire: His Kith and Kin'', Christianity accepts the existence of vampires and sees the power of the devil behind their creation. Since vampires are servants of Satan, the Church has power over them. Thus vampires f;ee from and can be destroyed by the crucifix, relics of saints, the sign of the cross, holy water, and above all, a consecrated host.}}</ref>, odnosno romana „[[Vampir (roman)|Vampir]]“ [[Džon Polidori|Džona Polidorija]] iz 1819., su ustanovili arhetip harizmatičnog i prefinjenog vampira. „Vampir“ je bio najuticajnije vampirsko delo početkom 19. veka<ref name=autogenerated1>Silver & Ursini, ''The Vampire Film'', pp. 37-38.</ref> i inspirisalo je dela kao što su „[[Vampir Varni]]“ i „[[Drakula]]“.<ref>{{Cite video
 | people = Frayling, Christopher
 | title = "Nightmare: The Birth of Horror; Dracula"
 | medium = TV-series
 |publisher=BBC
 | location = England
 |year=1996}}</ref> Sam roman „Vampir“ je bio zasnovan na nedovršenoj priči [[džordž Gordon Bajron|lorda Bajrona]] „[[Deo romana]]“, objavljene 1819.

Međutim, tek je roman „Drakula“ [[Abraham Stoker|Brama Stokera]] iz 1897. upamćen kao suštinski vampirski roman i koji je obezbedio osnov savremene vampirske fikcije. Drakula je zasnovan na ranijim mitovima o [[vukodlak|vukodlacima]] i sličnim legendarnim demonima, i „bio je izraz zabrinutosti tog doba“ i „strahovanje kasnog [[Viktorijansko doba|viktorijanskog]] [[patrijarhat]]a“.<ref name=Sellers>Sellers, Susan. ''Myth and Fairy Tale in Contemporary Women's Fiction'', Palgrave Macmillan (2001) pp. 85.</ref> Uspeh ove knjige je izrodio prepoznatljiv vampirski žanr i dalje popularan u 21. veku, uz brojne knjige, filmove, video igre i televizijske emisije.

== Poreklo reči ==
Vampir je jedina reč iz srpskog jezika koja je opšteprihvaćena u svim svetskim jezicima.<ref>cf.: Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm. 16 Bde. [in 32 Teilbänden. Leipzig: S. Hirzel 1854-1960.], s.v. Vampir; Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé; Dauzat, Albert, 1938. Dictionnaire étymologique. Librairie Larousse; Wolfgang Pfeifer, Etymologisches Woerterbuch, 2006, pp. 1494; Petar Skok, Etimologijski rjecnk hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika, 1971-1974, s.v. Vampir; Tokarev, S.A. et al. 1982. Mify narodov mira. ("Myths of the peoples of the world". A Russian encyclopedia of mythology); Russian Etymological Dictionary by Max Vasmer. Retrieved on 2006-06-13; ''Vampire'' entered most West European languages through German-language texts in the early 18th century and has since spread widely in the world.</ref>

U raznim delovima slovenskog sveta vampir se naziva i drugim nazivima: '''vukodlak''', '''lampir''', '''lapir''', '''vjedogonja''', '''jedogonja''', a najčešće - '''upir'''. Iz ove poslednje može saznati poreklo reči vampir. Naime, stari Sloveni su, kao i većina starih naroda, smatrali da će, ako se telo mrtvog čoveka ne spali, njegova duša ostati zauvek zarobljena na ovom svetu i nikad neće naći mira. Zato su svoje mrtve podvrgavali „tretmanu“ u kome su ih spaljivali na velikoj lomači i tako ih ispraćali u „večna lovišta“. Međutim, dešavalo se (naročito za vreme ratova ili velikih bolesti), da se telo nekog stradalnika uopšte ne pronađe i ne isprati kako dolikuje, što je, navodno, dovodilo do toga da nesrećnik ubrzo počinje da ustaje noću i ubija ljude. Sve dok se, ne nađe neko ko će ga „počastiti“ [[glog]]ovim kocem.

== Poreklo vampirskih verovanja ==
[[Datoteka:Moraine le vampire.jpg|thumb|''Vampir'', litografija iz 19. veka]]
Istraživači su ponudili brojne teorije o poreklu vampirskih verovanja, pokušavajući da objasne sujeverje - ponekad i [[masovna histerija|masovnu histeriju]] - koju izazivaju vampiri. Za uzroke verovanja u vampire ponuđena su objašnjenja koja idu od [[prerana sahrana|prerane sahrane]] pa do neznanja o [[raspadanje|raspadanju]] ljudskog tela posle smrti.

Pojam je verovatno postao opštepoznat po romanu [[Drakula]] [[Abraham Stoker|Brema Stokera]]. Veruje se da je prvo pominjanje pojma u zapadnoj Evropi bilo u austrijskom časopisu „Vossiche Zeitung“, broj 98, koji je objavljen [[1725]], u vreme kad Austrijska carevina vlada Srbijom na jug do Stalaća (1717—1739).

U tom časopisu se nalazi izveštaj po kojem je u selu [[Kisiljevo|Kisiljevu]] umro izvesni [[Petar Blagojević]], a posle njega još deset osoba u narednih 24 časa. Na samrti bi ljudi izjavili da im se Blagojević ukazivao i da ih je davio te od toga moraju umreti a njegova supruga je pobegla neposredno posle tih čudnih zbivanja izjavivši da joj je u [[san|snu]] došao mrtav [[muž]] tražeći joj svoje [[opanak|opanke]]. Iz [[Beč]]a je poslat tim [[ljekar|lekara]] i stručnjaka u Kisiljevo kako bi se utvrdilo o čemu se zapravo radi. Nakon otvaranja kovčega Petra Blagojevića (zapisano kao ''Peter Plogojowitz''), zabeleženo je da je telo bilo očuvano u potpunosti kao da je i dalje živ, a da je u njegovim ustima bilo malo sveže [[krv]]i.

Pored Blagojevića austrijski izvori pominju i [[Arnaut Pavle|Arnolda Paolea]], vojnika (Arnold svakako nije ime ikada prisutno u Srbiji; možda: ''Arnautin Pavle''?), koji je ratovao u [[Grčka|Grčkoj]], odakle je i doneo zarazu. On je, navodno, ubio vampira ali se posle toga osećao loše i ubrzo je umro u selu [[Medveđa|Medveđi]] kod [[Trstenik]]a, posle čega su krenuli napadi vampira u ovom kraju. Njegovo telo je kasnije [[Ekshumacija|ekshumirano]] u prisustvu austrijskih vlasti i probodeno kocem, ali ni posle toga napadi nisu sasvim prestali.

Najpoznatiji srpski vampir je, svakako, [[Sava Savanović]], lik iz pripovetke „[[Posle devedeset godina]]“, [[Milovan Glišić|Milovana Glišića]], po kojoj je snimljen [[horor film|horor]] „[[Leptirica]]“.

== Mitovi slični vampirskim ==
Mitova sličnih vampirskim ima širom sveta, na primer Nahcerer ({{jez-nem|nachzehrer}}) u [[Nemačka|Nemačkoj]], Baoban sit ({{jez-eng|baobhan sith}}) u [[Škotska|Škotskoj]], Điang Ši ({{jez-kin|僵屍 ili 殭屍}} u [[Kina|Kini]], Kjukecuki ({{jez-jap|kyūketsuki}}) u [[Japan]]u, Jara-ma-iha-hu (yara-ma-yha-who) kod [[Australija|australijskih]] [[Aboridžini|Aboridžina]], Asvang (aswang) na [[Filipini]]ma, Adze (adze) i Asanbosan (asanbosam) u [[Gana|Gani]] i [[Obala Slonovače|Obali Slonovače]], Sukrijant (soucriant) na [[Karibi]]ma, Sukujant (soucouyant) u [[Trinidad i Tobago|Trinidadu i Tobagu]] ... Ovi mitovi u većini ne podrazumevaju umrle koji bi se vratili u život kao živi mrtvaci ili duhovi poput vampira, već demone, veštice i natprirodna bića, slično antičkim grčkim [[Lamije|Lamijama]].

== Povezano ==
* [[Eržebet Batori]]
* [[Jure Grando]] 
* [[Arnaut Pavle|Arnold Paole]]

== Reference ==
{{reflist}}

== Literatura ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Barber|first=Paul|title=Vampires, Burial and Death: Folklore and Reality|url= https://archive.org/details/vampiresburialde0000barb|year=1988 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New York | isbn = 0-300-04126-8}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Bunson|first=Matthew|title=The Vampire Encyclopedia|year=1993|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=London| isbn = 0-500-27748-6}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Burkhardt|first=Dagmar|title=Beiträge zur Südosteuropa-Forschung: Anlässlich des I. Internationalen Balkanologenkongresses in Sofia 26. VIII.-1. IX. 1966|chapter=Vampirglaube und Vampirsage auf dem Balkan|year=1966|publisher=Rudolf Trofenik |location=Munich|oclc=1475919}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Cohen|first=Daniel|title=Encyclopedia of Monsters: Bigfoot, Chinese Wildman, Nessie, Sea Ape, Werewolf and many more...|year=1989|publisher=Michael O'Mara Books Ltd|location=London| isbn = 0-948397-94-2}}
* {{fr icon}} {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Créméné|first=Adrien|title=La mythologie du vampire en Roumanie|url=https://archive.org/details/lamythologieduva0000crem|year=1981|publisher=Rocher|location=Monaco| isbn = 2-268-00095-8}}
* {{fr icon}} {{cite book|last=Faivre|first=Antoine|title=Les Vampires. Essai historique, critique et littéraire|year=1962|location=Paris |publisher= Eric Losfeld|oclc=6139817}}
* {{fr icon}} {{cite book|last=Féval|first=Paul|title=Les tribunaux secrets : ouvrage historique|year=1851–1852|location=Paris |publisher= E. et V. Penaud frères}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Frayling|first=Christopher|title=Vampyres, Lord Byron to Count Dracula|year=1991 |location=London|publisher=Faber| isbn = 0-571-16792-6}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Introvigne|first=Massimo|title=La stirpe di Dracula: Indagine sul vampirismo dall'antichità ai nostri giorni |year=1997 |location=Milan |publisher=Mondadori | isbn = 88-04-42735-3}}<!--Coll. Antropologia-->
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Hurwitz |first=Siegmund |editor=Gela Jacobson (trans.) |year=1992 |origyear=1980 |title=Lilith, the First Eve: Historical and Psychological Aspects of the Dark Feminine |url= https://archive.org/details/lilithfirstevehi0000hurw|location=Einsiedeln, Switzerland | isbn = 3-85630-522-X |publisher=Daimon Verlag}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Jennings |first=Lee Byron |chapter=An Early German Vampire Tale: Wilhelm Waiblinger's 'Olura' |editor=Reinhard Breymayer and Hartmut Froeschle (eds.)|year=2004 |origyear=1986 |title=In dem milden und glücklichen Schwaben und in der Neuen Welt: Beiträge zur Goethezeit |location=Stuttgart |publisher=Akademischer Verlag Stuttgart | isbn = 3-88099-428-5 |pages=295–306}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Jones|first=Ernest |title=On the Nightmare |chapter=The Vampire |year=1931 |publisher=Hogarth Press and Institute of Psycho-Analysis |location=London |oclc=2382718| isbn = 0-394-54835-3}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Marigny|first=Jean|authorlink=|title=Vampires: The World of the Undead |year=1993 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London | isbn = 0-500-30041-0}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=McNally |first=Raymond T. |title=Dracula Was a Woman |year=1983 |publisher=McGraw Hill | isbn = 0-07-045671-2}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Schwartz |first=Howard |title=Lilith's Cave: Jewish tales of the supernatural |url= https://archive.org/details/lilithscavejewis00schw|publisher=Harper & Row |year=1988 |location=San Francisco | isbn = 0-06-250779-6}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Skal|first=David J.|title=V is for Vampire |year=1996 |location=New York |publisher=Plume | isbn = 0-452-27173-8}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Skal|first=David J.|title=The Monster Show: A Cultural History of Horror |year=1993 |publisher=Penguin |location=New York | isbn = 0-14-024002-0}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Silver|first= Alain|coauthors=James Ursini|title=The Vampire Film: From Nosferatu to Bram Stoker's Dracula|url= https://archive.org/details/vampirefilmfromn0000silv|year=1993|publisher=Limelight|location=New York| isbn = 0-87910-170-9}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Summers |first=Montague |year=2005 |origyear=1928 |title=Vampires and Vampirism |url= https://archive.org/details/vampiresvampiris0000summ|location=Mineola, NY |publisher=Dover | isbn = 0-486-43996-8}} (Originally published as ''The Vampire: His Kith and Kin'')
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Summers |first=Montague |year=1996 |origyear=1929 |title=The Vampire in Europe |url= https://archive.org/details/vampireineurope0000summ_s8q8|location=Gramercy Books |publisher=New York | isbn = 0-517-14989-3}} (also published as ''The Vampire in Lore and Legend'', {{ISBN|0-486-41942-8}})
* {{sr icon}} {{cite book|last=Vuković|first=Milan T.|title=Narodni običaji, verovanja i poslovice kod Srba|publisher=Sazvežđa|year=2004|location=Belgrade| isbn = 86-83699-08-0}}
* {{Cite journal
 | last = Wilson
 | first = Katharina M
 | title = The History of the Word "Vampire"
 | journal = Journal of the History of Ideas
 | volume = 46
 | issue = 4
 | pages = 577–583
 | date =  1985| doi = 10.2307/2709546
 | id =
 | jstor = 2709546}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last=Wright |first=Dudley |title=The Book of Vampires |url= https://archive.org/details/bookofvampires0000wrig_l1b7|year=1973 |location=New York |publisher=Causeway Books |origyear=1914 | isbn = 0-88356-007-0}} (Originally published as ''Vampire and Vampirism''; also published as ''The History of Vampires'')
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|last = Dundes| first = Alan| title = The Vampire: A Casebook|url= https://archive.org/details/vampirecasebook00dund| publisher = University of Wisconsin Press| year = 1998| isbn = 0-299-15924-8}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|author= Mariah Larsson, Ann Steiner|title=Interdisciplinary Approaches to Twilight: Studies in Fiction, Media and a Contemporary Cultural Experience|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IFHoicjI2d8C&pg=PA270|year=2011|publisher=Nordic Academic Press|isbn=91-85509-63-9}}
* {{Cite book |ref= harv|author= James Craig Holte|title=Dracula in the Dark: The Dracula Film Adaptations|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=As8cClbbGqgC&pg=PA14|accessdate = 12. 4. 2012.|year=1997|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]| isbn = 0-313-29215-9}}
{{refend}}

== Spoljašnje veze ==
{{Commonscat|Vampires}}
* [http://www.b92.net/putovanja/zanimljivosti.php?yyyy=2011&mm=10&dd=24&nav_id=551925 U potrazi za vampirima (B92, 24. oktobar 2011)]
* [http://www.kurir-info.rs/vesti/drustvo/srbija-je-prestonica-vampira-156494.php Srbija je prestonica vampira („Kurir“, 4. decembar 2011)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120012735/http://www.kurir-info.rs/vesti/drustvo/srbija-je-prestonica-vampira-156494.php |date=2012-01-20 }}

{{Slovenska mitologija}}
{{Normativna kontrola}}

[[Kategorija:Vampiri| ]]
[[Kategorija:Slavenska mitologija]]