Izvorni kod stranice Mumbaj

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'''Mumbai''' ( मुम्बई , od ''Mumbadevi'', imena jedne lokalne božice, do [[1995]]. '''Bombay''' बम्बई) glavni grad države [[Maharashtra]] u [[Indija|Indiji]] i najveća luka na [[Arapsko more|Arapskom moru]] i [[Indijski potkontinent|indijskom potkontinentu]]. Predstavlja glavno poslovno središte Indije, kao i administrativno središte indijske države [[Maharashtra]]. Grad (bez pojasa predgrađa) ima 12.883.654 stanovnika, dok s predgrađima i sjevernim dijelovima broji 19.994.372 stanovnika i čini šestu po veličini gradsku  [[aglomeracija|aglomeraciju]] na svijetu (sve stanje s 1. siječnjem [[2006]].) 

Grad leži na istoimenom otoku pred zapadnom obalom Indije. Moderni razvoj grada počinje tek u prvoj polovini [[19. stoljeće|19. stoljeća]], kada Bombay postaje sjedište indijske trgovine. U vrhu zaljeva Back Bay podignut je uz staru hinduističku jezgru niz monumentalnih zgrada (ističe se željeznička stanica Victoria). Otmjene stambene četvrti na poluotocima Kobala i Malabar stopile su se duž obala zaljeva u impozantnu cjelinu. Kulturno središte sa sveučilištem (od [[1857]].), knjižnicama, muzejima, nizom [[hram]]ova, poznatom "kulom šutnje" (groblje bogatih Parsa) i drugi. Važan centar pamučne industrije, proizvodnja vune, svile i automobila; metalna, kemijska, drvna, kožna i prehrambena industrija; prerada nafte; filmska industrija (70 % indijske proizvodnje). Na susjednom otoku Trombay izgrađen je prvi nuklearni reaktor u Indiji. Moderno uređena luka povezuje Bombay ("vrata Indije", naziv za grad i za monumentalnu građevinu kroz koju se iz luke ulazi u grad) i Indiju sa zapadnim svijetom. Izvozi se [[pamuk]], sjemeno ulje, [[riža]], [[pšenica]], manganova [[ruda]]; uvozi [[tekstil]] i [[željezo]], [[čelik]], [[stroj]]eve, [[ugljen]]. Željezničkim prugama i cestama Bombay je spojen s dalekim zaleđem, a glavni kolodvor, [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus]], je od 2004. godine uvršten u [[UNESCO]]v [[popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Aziji i Oceaniji]]. Važno čvorište međunarodnih zrakoplovnih linija.

Po njemu je indijska filmska industrija dobila naziv [[Bollywood]].

== Istorija ==
[[Datoteka:Situationsplan_von_Bombay_%28Mumbai%29.jpg|left|thumb|Istorijska mapa Bombaja]]

U [[portugal]]skoj vlasti je od [[1534]]. Od [[1661]]. pod upravom engleske Istočnoindijske kompanije. Od [[1708]]. sedište britanske uprave u Indiji. Brzo se razvija posle otvaranja [[Sueski kanal|Sueckog kanala]] (1869.). Tu je 1908. došlo do prvog velikog radničkog [[štrajk]]a u Indiji, koji je vojska ugušila u [[krv]]i. U oslobođenoj Indiji od 1947. sedište provincije, a od 1956. federalne države Bombaj. 1960. Bombaj je postao glavni grad države Maharaštra.

== Geografija ==

Mumbaja se sastoji od dva zasebna regiona: [[Mumbai City|grada Mumbaja]] i [[Prigradski okrug Mumbaja|prigragratskog okruga Mumbaja]], koji formiraju dva zasebna upravna okruga Maharaštre.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai Suburban |publisher= National Informatics Centre (Mahrashtra State Centre) |url= http://maharashtra.nic.in/ }}</ref> Region gradskog kruga se naziva i ''Ostrvski grad'' ili [[Južni Mumbaj]].<ref name="mmrda muip gdp">{{cite web
|url=http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226031015/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/projects_muip.htm
|archivedate=2009-02-26
|title=Mumbai Urban Infrastructure Project
|publisher=Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA)
|accessdate=18 July 2008
|deadurl=yes
}}</ref> Totalna površina Mumbaja je 603,4&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (233 sq mi).<ref>{{cite web|title=Area and Density – Metropolitan Cities|url=http://urbanindia.nic.in/moud/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_POP/CHAPTER-4.PDF|publisher=Ministry of Urban Development (Government of India)|page=33|accessdate=28 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gOCPonTE?url=http://urbanindia.nic.in/moud/theministry/subordinateoff/tcpo/AREA_POP/CHAPTER-4.PDF|archivedate=2009-04-29|deadurl=no}}</ref> Od toga, ostrvski grad pokriva 67.79&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (26 sq mi), dok prigradski okrug ima 370&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (143 sq mi), i ukupno 437.71&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (169 sq mi) je pod upravom Opštinske korporacije šireg Mumbaja (MCGM). Preostala oblast pripada odbrambenim snagama, Mumbajskom lučnom trastu, Komisiji za atomsku energiju i nacionalnom parku Borivali.<ref name="trf">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.2 Area and Divisions|Ref=plan}}</ref>

Mumbaj leži na ušću [[Reka Ulhas|reke Ulhasa]] na zapadnoj obali Indije, u primorskom regionu poznatom kao [[Konkan]]. On je smešten na [[Ostrvo Salsette|ostrvu Salsete]], koje delimično deli sa [[Okrug Thane|okrugom Tan]].<ref name="geo">{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=2|Ref=bom}}</ref> Mumbaj je ograničen [[Arapsko more|Arapskim morem]] na zapadu.<ref name="mloc">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.1 Location|Ref=plan}}</ref> Mnogi delovi grada leže neposredno iznad nivoa mora, sa elevacijom u opsegu od 10&nbsp;m (33&nbsp;ft) do 15&nbsp;m (49&nbsp;ft);<ref>{{Harvnb|Krishnamoorthy|2008|p=218}}</ref> grad ima prosečnu nadmorsku visinu od 14&nbsp;m (46&nbsp;ft).<ref name="Wbase">{{cite web|publisher=Weatherbase
|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=030034&refer=|title=Mumbai, India|accessdate=19 March 2008}}</ref> Severni Mumbaj (Salsette) je brdovit,<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2.2 Salsette Island|Ref=plan}}</ref> i najviša tačka grada je na 450 m (1,476&nbsp;ft) na Salseti u [[Powai|Povaj]]–[[Kanheri]] vencu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html|title=Floristic Survey of Institute of Science, Mumbai, Maharashta State|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|last1=Srinivasu|first1=T.|last2=Pardeshi|first2=Satish|accessdate=26 August 2009|archive-date=2009-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717023146/http://iscmumbai.maharashtra.gov.in/floristic%20survey.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> [[Nacionalni park Sanjay Gandhi]] (Nacionalni park Borivali) je delom lociran u predgradskom okrugu Mumbaja, a delom u okrugu Tan, i pokriva oblast od 103.09&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (39.80 sq mi).<ref>{{Harvnb|Bapat|2005|pp=111–112}}</ref>

<gallery  mode=packed widths = "270px" heights = "300px" >
Mumbaicitydistricts.png|Mumbaj se sastoji od dva okruga
Mumbai, metropolitan region, satellite image, Landsat-5, 2011-01-30.jpg|Mumbajski metropolitanski region, satelitska slika sa [[Landsat 5|Landsata 5]] napravljena 30. januara 2011.
</gallery>

Pored [[Brana Bhatsa|brane Batsa]], postoji šest glavnih jezera iz kojih se grad snabdeva vodom: [[Jezero Vihar|Vihar]], [[Srednja Vaitarna brana|Donja Vaitarna]], Gornja Vaitarna, [[Jezero Tulsi|Tulsi]], Tansa i [[Powai|Povaj]]. Jezera Tulsi i Vihar su locirana u Nacionalnom parku Borivili, unutar gradskih granica. Voda iz jezera Povaj, koje je takođe unutar gradskih granica, se koristi samo za poljoprivredne i industrijske svrhe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt|format=PPT|title=Salient Features of Powai Lake|publisher=Department of Environment (Government of Maharashtra)|pages=1–3|accessdate=29 April 2009|archive-date=2011-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715195652/https://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/pps/pawai2.ppt|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Tri male reke, [[reka Dahisar]], [[reka Poisar]] i [[Reka Oshiwara River|reka Ohivara (ili Ošivara)]] ističu iz parka, dok zagađena [[Reka Mithi|reka Miti]] ističe iz jezera Tulsi i sakuplja preliv vode iz jezera Vihar i Povaj.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.7 Water Supply and Sanitation|Ref=plan}}</ref> Obale grada su razuđene brojnim [[potok|potocima]] i zalivima, i protežu se od [[Potok Thane|potoka Tan]] na istoku do Madh Marve na zapadnoj strani.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Security web for city coastline |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Security-web-for-city-coastline/articleshow/3830390.cms?referral=PM|date=13 December 2008|last=Sen|first=Somit|publisher=The Times of India|accessdate=30 April 2009}}</ref> Istočna obala ostrva Salset je pokrivena velikim [[mangrove|mangrovskim]] [[močvara|močvarama]] sa bogatim biodiverzitetom, dok je zapadna obala uglavnom peskovita i kamenita.<ref>{{Harvnb|Patil|1957|pp=45–49}}</ref>

Zemljišni pokrivač u gradskom regionu je predominantno peskovit usled blizine mora. U predgrađima, zemljište je uglavnom aluvijalno i glinasto.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.1 Soil|Ref=plan}}</ref> Kamena osnova ispod zemljišnog pokrivača se sastoji od crnih [[Dekanska visoravan|dekanskih]] bazaltnih tokova, i njihovih kiselih i [[Baza (hemija)|baznih]] varijanti koje datiraju iz era kasne [[Kreda (period)|Krede]] i ranog [[Eocen]]a.<ref>{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.3.2 Geology and Geomorphology|Ref=plan}}</ref> Mumbaj sedi na [[Seizmologija|seizmički aktivnoj zoni]] zbog prisutva 23 linije razdvajanja u blizini.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kanth|first1=S. T. G. Raghu|last2=Iyenagar|first2=R. N.|url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/10026629/Earthquake-Hazard-Computation-for-Mumbai-Bombay-City
|journal= Current Science |volume = 91|title=Seismic Hazard estimation for Mumbai City|date=10 December 2006|issue = 11|page=1486|publisher=Current Science Association|accessdate=3 September 2009|quote=This is used to compute the probability of ground motion that can be induced by each of the '''twenty-three''' known faults that exist around the city.}}</ref> Oblast je klasifikovana kao [[Zemljotresno hazardno zoniranje Indije|region seizmičke zone III]],<ref>{{cite map|publisher=India Meteorological Department|url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm|title=Seismic Zoning Map|accessdate=20 July 2008|archivedate=2008-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915154543/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/seismo/static/seismo-zone.htm|deadurl=yes}}</ref> što znači da može da dođe do zemljotresa sa magnitudom od 6,5 na Rihterovoj skali.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/physical/fault.html |title=The Seismic Environment of Mumbai |publisher=Department of Theoretical Physics (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research) |accessdate=6 December 2007}}</ref>

=== Klima ===
[[File:India mumbai temperature precipitation averages chart.svg|thumb|Prosečna temperatura i precipitacija u Mumbaju|alt=The average temperature ranges between {{convert|23|°C|0|abbr=on}} in January to {{convert|30|°C|0|abbr=on}} in May. Rainfall is at or near zero from November through May, then quickly rises to a peak of about {{convert|600|mm|2|abbr=on}} in July, falling back more gradually.|left]]

{{Main|Klima Mumbaja}}
Mumbaj ima [[tropska klima|Tropsku klimu]], specifično [[Tropska savanska klima|tropsku vlažnu i suvu klimu]] (Aw) po [[Köppenova klasifikacija klime|Kopenovoj klasifikaciji klima]], sa sedam suvih meseci i vrhuncom kiša u julu.<ref>{{harvnb|Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy|1999|p=210|Ref=proc}}</ref> Hladnijoj sezoni od decembra do februara sledi letnja sezona od marta do juna. Period od juna do oko kraja septembra se sastoji od jugozapadne monsunske sezone, i oktober i novembar formiraju post-monsunsku sezonu.<ref>{{harvnb|Greater Bombay District Gazetteer|1960|p=84|Ref=bom}}</ref>

Između juna i septembra, [[Monsun Indijskog potkontinenta|jugozapadne monsunske]] kiše šibaju grad. Premonsunske kiše padadu u maju. S vremena na vreme se javljaju severnoistočne monsunske kiše u oktobru i novembru. Maksimalna godišnja količina padavina ikad zabeležena je bila  {{convert|3452|mm|0|abbr=on}} 1954. godine.<ref name="clra">{{harvnb|Mumbai Plan|loc=1.4 Climate and Rainfall|Ref=plan}}</ref> [[Mumbajske poplave iz 2005.|Najviša]] zabeležena količina padavina u jednom danu od {{convert|944|mm|0|abbr=on}} se dogodila 26. jula 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|last= Kishwar| first=Madhu Purnima |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-three-drown-as-heavy-rain-lashes-mumbai-for-the-3rd-day-1039257 |title=Three drown as heavy rain lashes Mumbai for the 3rd day |work= Daily News and Analysis (DNA) |location=Mumbai |date=3 July 2006 |accessdate=15 June 2009}}</ref> Prosečna totalna godišnja količina padavina je {{convert|2146.6|mm|0|abbr=on}} za sam grad, i {{convert|2457|mm|0|abbr=on}} za predgrađa.<ref name="clra"/>

Prosečna godišnja temperatura je {{convert|27.2|°C|0|abbr=on}}, a prosečna [[Padavine|precipitacija]] je {{convert|2167|mm|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Rohli|Vega|2007|p=267}}</ref> U gradu je prosečna maksimalna temperatura {{convert|31.2|°C|0|abbr=on}}, dok je prosečna minimalna temperatura {{convert|23.7|°C|0|abbr=on}}. U predgrađima, dnevna srednja maksimalna temperatura je u opsegu od {{convert|29.1|°C|0|abbr=on}} do {{convert|33.3|°C|0|abbr=on}}, dok je dnevna minimalna temperatura u opsegu od {{convert|16.3|°C|0|abbr=on}} do {{convert|26.2|°C|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="clra"/> Rekordno visoka temperatura od {{convert|40.2|°C|0|abbr=on}} je zabeležena 28. marta 1982,<ref>{{harvnb|WMO bulletin|2000|loc=p. 346, "Bombay recorded a maximum temperature of 40.2|°C on 28 March 1982, the highest since 1955."|Ref=wmo}}</ref> a rekordno niska od {{convert|7.4|°C|0|abbr=on}} 27. januara 1962.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Mumbai-still-cold-at-86-degree-C/articleshow/2770007.cms?referral=PM|title = Mumbai still cold at 8.6 °C|publisher=The Times of India|date = 9 February 2008|accessdate =26 April 2009}}</ref>

== Stanovništvo ==
Prema nezvaničnim rezultatima popisa, u gradu je 2011. živelo 12.478.447 stanovnika.

{| border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="5" style="margin:auto; border:1px solid #aaa;"
|- style="background:#aaf;"
|+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 0.5em"| Kretanje broja stanovnika
|- style="background:#eef;"
! 1991. !! 2001. !! 2011.
|- style="background:#f7f9ff;"
| align=center| 9.925.891<ref name=autogenerated1>World Gazetteer: [http://bevoelkerungsstatistik.de/wg.php?x=1189459570&men=gcis&lng=de&dat=32&geo=-104&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=x Die wichtigsten Orte mit Statistiken zu ihrer Bevölkerung], Pristupljeno 13. 4. 2013.</ref>
| align=center| 11.978.450<ref name=autogenerated1 />
| align=center| 12.478.447<ref name=autogenerated2 />
|}
== Reference ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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{{Refend}}

== Vanjske veze ==
{{Commonscat|Mumbai}}
* [http://www.mcgm.gov.in/ Official website of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]
* [http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php Official City Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310212824/http://mdmu.maharashtra.gov.in/pages/Mumbai/mumbaiplanShow.php |date=2009-03-10 }}


[[Kategorija:Gradovi u Indiji]]