Stamford Raffles

Stamford Raffles
	; George Francis Joseph:; Portret Stamforda Rafflesa (oko 1817.)
Guverner-pukovnik Bencoolena
	Mandat; 22. ožujka 1818. – 1824.
Prethodnik	George John Siddons; (kao upravitelj)
Nasljednik	John Prince; (kao upravitelj)
Britanski Guverner-pukovnik Nizozemskih Istočnih Indija
	Mandat; 18. rujna 1811. – 12. ožujka 1816.
Prethodnik	Rollo Gillespie (v.d.)
Nasljednik	John Fendall
Rođenje	5. srpnja 1781.; brod Ann, obala ispred Port Moranta; Jamajka
Smrt	5. srpnja 1826.; London, Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo
Supružnik	Olivia Mariamne Devenish (v. 1805 — s. 1814); Sophia Hull (v. 1817);

Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (obala ispred Port Moranta, 5. srpnja 1781. – London, 5. srpnja 1826.),^[1]^[2] britanski kolonijalni časnik i istraživač koji je ostavio značajan trag na području jugoistočne Azije. Od 1811. do 1816. godine bio je guverner Nizozemskih Istočnih Indija, a od 1818. do 1824. godine i guverner-pukovnik Bencoolena. Tijekom Napoleonskih ratova, Raffles je uspio preoteti Javu od Nizozemske; otok je vraćen Nizozemcima sukladno odredbama Anglo-nizozemskog sporazuma iz 1824. godine. Godine 1817. napisao je knjigu naslova The History of Java, u kojoj je opisao historiju otoka od prahistorijskih vremena.^[3] Bavio se i istraživačkim radom s područja biologije, a rod parazitskih tropskih biljaka Rafflesia nazvan je njemu u čast.^[4]

Raffles se rodio na britanskom brodu Ann, koji je u to vrijeme bio usidren nedaleko od obale Port Moranta na Jamajci.^[2] Roditelji su mu omogućili pristojno školovanje,^[5] a nakon sklapanja braka s deset godina starijom udovicom Olivijom Devenish,^[1] Raffles se 1805. godine pridružio kolonijalnoj administraciji u Malaji i tako utemeljio vezu s jugoistočnom Azijom koja će biti sastavni dio njegova života. U kasnijim godinama, Raffles je imao značajnu ulogu u jačanju britanske moći na području istočne i jugoistočne Azije.

Godine 1819. osigurao je kontrolu nad strateški važnim Singapurom nakon sporazuma s lokalnim čelnicima, a koji je Britaniji dao pristup strateški važnom Singapurskom tjesnacu, preko kojeg je osiguran pristuo okolnim vodenim površinama, posebice Indijskom oceanu i Južnom kineskom moru. Kruna izvorno nije podržavala njegovo djelovanja na području na kojem su Nizozemci imali velik utjecaj, a to je dovelo do tenzija između Britanije i Nizozemske. Potpisivanjem Anglo-nizozemskog sporazuma iz 1824. godine, sfere interesa dvaju kolonijalnih sila jasno su definirane; Nizozemci su se odrekli pretenzija prema Singapuru, dok su Britanci njima prepustili Bencoolen. Ubrzo je u Singapuru utemeljena velika luka za trgovinu između Azije i Europe.

Iako se Rafflesa danas uglavnom smatra utemeljiteljem modernog Singapura, faktično upravljanje posjedom na dnevnoj bazi vodio je William Farquhar, koji je bio prvi upravutelj od 1819. do 1823. godine.^[6] Raffles se ubrzo vratio u Englesku, gdje je preminuo na svoj rođendan 1826. godine od posljedica apopleksije;^[7] imao je 45 godina. Iako je njegova ostavština kompleksno pitanje, Raffles je i danas iznimno važna ličnost za historiju Singapura, čemu svjedoče i brojni spomenici njemu u čast, kao i nazivi brojnih institucija i građevina. Njegovi kritičari ističu kako ga se ne treba pretjerano slaviti jer se radilo o imperijalistu koji je domaćem stanovništvu Singapura nametnuo kolonijalizam.^[8]^[9]

Reference

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 Bastin, John Sturgus; Weizenegger, Julie (15 January 2016). The family of Sir Stamford Raffles. Singapore: National Library Board, Government of Singapore and Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd editions. ISBN 978-981-09-7236-3. cited in Family of Sir Stamford Raffles at the Singapore Infopedia.
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 Raffles, Lady Sophia; Raffles, Thomas Stamford (1830) (en-gb). Memoir of the life and public services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, F.R.S. &c.; particularly in the government of Java, 1811–1816; and of Bencoolen and its dependencies, 1817–1824; with details of the commerce and resources of the Eastern archipelago; and selections from his correspondence. London, England: John Murray (John Murray III).
↑ Raffles, Thomas Stamford (2015). The History of Java, v. 1–2.
↑ „Rafflesia”. Rafflesia. Government of Singapore. Pristupljeno 30 September 2022.
↑ Faulkner, Thomas (1839) (en). The history and antiquities of the parish of Hammersmith: Interspersed with biographical notices of illustrious and eminent persons, who have been born, or who have resided in the parish during the three preceding centuries. London: Nichols & Son. str. 261. OCLC 940527190.
↑ „William Farquhar, not Raffles, is true founder of S'pore: UK magazine book review” (en). William Farquhar, not Raffles, is true founder of S'pore: UK magazine book review. mothership.sg. Pristupljeno 16 January 2022.
↑ „What Killed Sir Stamford Raffles?”. What Killed Sir Stamford Raffles?. www.sma.org.sg. Pristupljeno 2024-05-18.
↑ „Head Count: The History of Census-taking in Singapore”. Head Count: The History of Census-taking in Singapore. National Library, Singapore. 21 January 2020.
↑ „Glory and disgrace: The complex legacy of Singapore founder Raffles” (en). Glory and disgrace: The complex legacy of Singapore founder Raffles. France 24. 26 February 2019. Pristupljeno 17 August 2023.

Literatura

Barley, Nigel (1999) (en-gb). The Golden Sword: Stamford Raffles and the East. London, England: British Museum Press. ISBN 0-7141-2542-3.
Barley, Nigel (2009) (en-gb). In the Footsteps of Stamford Raffles. Singapore: Monsoon Publishing. ISBN 978-981-08-3534-7.
Borschberg, Peter (2019). „Dutch objections to British Singapore, 1819–1824: law, politics, commerce and a diplomatic misstep”. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 50 (4): 540–561. DOI:10.1017/S0022463420000053.
Brayley, E. W. (1827). „Some account of the life and writings and contributions to science, of the late Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Knt., F.R.S., S.A. & L.S., &c; successively Lieutenant-Governor of Java and its dependencies, and of Fort Marlborough, Singapore, and the British Possessions in Sumatra: Founder and President of the Zoological Society” (en-gb). The Zoological Journal 3 (9): 1–48.
Brayley, E. W. (1827). „Some account of the life and writings and contributions to science, of the late Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Knt., F.R.S., S.A. & L.S., &c; successively Lieutenant-Governor of Java and its dependencies, and of Fort Marlborough, Singapore, and the British Possessions in Sumatra: Founder and President of the Zoological Society” (en-gb). The Zoological Journal 3 (11): 382–400.
Chandler, David P.; Steinberg, David J. (1988). In Search of Southeast Asia. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1110-5.
Wurtzburg, Charles E. (1986) (en-gb). Raffles of the Eastern Isles. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-582605-1.
de Jong, Joop (2000). De Waaier van het Fortuin. SDU publishers. ISBN 90-12-08974-3.
Glendinning, Victoria (2012) (en-gb). Raffles and the Golden Opportunity. Profile Books. ISBN 978-1846686030.
Murdoch, Adrian, ur. (2013). Raffles – Three Lives. Rott Publishing.
Noltie, H. J. (2009) (en-gb). Raffles' Ark Redrawn: Natural History Drawings from the Collections of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. London, England: British Library Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7123-5084-6.
Finlayson, George; Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, F.R.S. (27 April 2014) [1826] (en-gb) (txt). The Mission to Siam, and Hué the Capital of Cochin China, in the Years 1821-2. Fairbanks: Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. EBook #45505. Pristupljeno 10 June 2015.
Jardine, Sir William (1844). „with a memoir on Sir Stamford Raffles” (en-gb). The natural history of game birds.
Raffles, Stamford (1830) (en-gb). History of Java. I (2. izd.). London: John Murray.
Raffles, Stamford (1830) (en-gb). History of Java. II (2. izd.). London: John Murray.
Woodman, Dorothy (September 1954) (en-gb). Raffles of Java, 1781–1826. 4#9. History Today. str. 581–590.

Vanjske veze

Wikimedia Commons ima multimedijalne datoteke vezane za: Stamford Raffles
Firaci, Biagio (10 June 2014). „Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles and the British colonisation of Singapore among Penang, Melaka and Bencoonen”. Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles and the British colonisation of Singapore among Penang, Melaka and Bencoonen. Singlish.it. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 28 October 2019. Pristupljeno 5 May 2021.
„Raffles biography”. Raffles biography. Singapore: Raffles Museum of Biodiversity Research. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 9 February 2014. Pristupljeno 5 May 2021.
Hamilton, John (1896) „Raffles, Thomas Stamford” Lee, Sidney Dictionary of National Biography 47 London: Smith, Elder & Co pp. 161-165
Thomas Stamford Raffles na Find a Grave
„Raffles and the Golden Opportunity” (en-gb). Raffles and the Golden Opportunity. The Guardian. 5 December 2012.

[Bastin-1] 1,0 ^1,1 Bastin, John Sturgus; Weizenegger, Julie (15 January 2016). The family of Sir Stamford Raffles. Singapore: National Library Board, Government of Singapore and Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd editions. ISBN 978-981-09-7236-3. cited in Family of Sir Stamford Raffles at the Singapore Infopedia.

[SophiaRaffles-2] 2,0 ^2,1 Raffles, Lady Sophia; Raffles, Thomas Stamford (1830) (en-gb). Memoir of the life and public services of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, F.R.S. &c.; particularly in the government of Java, 1811–1816; and of Bencoolen and its dependencies, 1817–1824; with details of the commerce and resources of the Eastern archipelago; and selections from his correspondence. London, England: John Murray (John Murray III).

[3] Raffles, Thomas Stamford (2015). The History of Java, v. 1–2.

[4] „Rafflesia”. Rafflesia. Government of Singapore. Pristupljeno 30 September 2022.

[5] Faulkner, Thomas (1839) (en). The history and antiquities of the parish of Hammersmith: Interspersed with biographical notices of illustrious and eminent persons, who have been born, or who have resided in the parish during the three preceding centuries. London: Nichols & Son. str. 261. OCLC 940527190.

[6] „William Farquhar, not Raffles, is true founder of S'pore: UK magazine book review” (en). William Farquhar, not Raffles, is true founder of S'pore: UK magazine book review. mothership.sg. Pristupljeno 16 January 2022.

[7] „What Killed Sir Stamford Raffles?”. What Killed Sir Stamford Raffles?. www.sma.org.sg. Pristupljeno 2024-05-18.

[8] „Head Count: The History of Census-taking in Singapore”. Head Count: The History of Census-taking in Singapore. National Library, Singapore. 21 January 2020.

[9] „Glory and disgrace: The complex legacy of Singapore founder Raffles” (en). Glory and disgrace: The complex legacy of Singapore founder Raffles. France 24. 26 February 2019. Pristupljeno 17 August 2023.

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