Čola Carstvo – razlika između verzija
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== Literatura == |
== Literatura == |
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*{{ |
* {{Cite book |first= P.N|last= Chopra|authorlink= | coauthors= Ravindran, T.K; Subrahmanian, N|title= History of South India ; Ancient, Medieval and Modern| date=2003| publisher= S. Chand & Company Ltd| location=New Delhi| isbn= 81-219-0153-7|ref=harv}} |
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*{{ |
* {{Cite book |first= Sisir Kumar|last= Das|authorlink= | coauthors= |title= History of Indian Literature (1911–1956) : Struggle for Freedom – Triumph and Tragedy|date=1995|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-7201-798-7|ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= A.N| last= Gupta| authorlink= | coauthors= Gupta, Satish| date= 1976 | title= Sarojini Naidu's Select Poems, with an Introduction, Notes, and Bibliography|edition= | publisher= Prakash Book Depot | location= | id= |ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= J.C | last= Harle | authorlink= | coauthors= | date=1994 | title= The art and architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |edition= | publisher= Yale University Press | location= New Haven, Conn| isbn= 0-300-06217-6|ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= Kulke | last= Hermann | authorlink= | coauthors= Rothermund D| origyear= 2000| year=2001 | title= A History of India |edition= | publisher= Routledge | location= | isbn= 0-415-32920-5|ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= John | last= Keay| date= 2000 | title= India: A History |edition= | publisher= Harper Collins Publishers | location= New Delhi| isbn= 0-00-255717-7|ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= R.C | last= Majumdar| year= 1987| title= Ancient India |edition= | publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publications | location= India| isbn= 81-208-0436-8|ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= Milton Walter| last= Meyer| date= 1997| title= Asia: a concise history |edition= | publisher= Rowman & Littlefield Publishers | location= Lanham, Md| isbn= 0-8476-8063-0|ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= Partha|last= Mitter| authorlink= | coauthors= | origyear= | year= 2001| title= Indian art|edition= | publisher= Oxford University Press| location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] | isbn= 0-19-284221-8|ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= R | last= Nagasamy| date= 1970| title= Gangaikondacholapuram |edition= | publisher= State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu | location= | id= |ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= R | last= Nagasamy| authorlink= | coauthors= | origyear= | year= 1981| title= Tamil Coins – A study |edition= | publisher= Institute of Epigraphy, Tamilnadu State Dept. of Archaeology | location= | id= |ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= K.A| last=[[K.A. Nilakanta Sastri]]| authorlink= | coauthors= | origyear= 1935| year= 1984| title= The CōĻas|edition= | publisher= University of Madras | location= Madras| id= |ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= K.A | last= [[K.A. Nilakanta Sastri]]| authorlink= | coauthors= | origyear= 1955| year= 2002| title= A History of South India|edition= | publisher= OUP| location= New Delhi| id= |ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= Hartmut | last= Scharfe| authorlink= | coauthors= | origyear= | year= 2002| title= Education in Ancient India |edition= | publisher= Brill Academic Publishers| location= Boston| isbn= 90-04-12556-6|ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= Vincent H| last= Smith| authorlink= | coauthors= | origyear= | year= 2006| title= The Edicts of Asoka|edition= | publisher= Kessinger Publishing | location= | isbn= 1-4286-4431-8|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite web|author=|title= South Indian Inscriptions|url=http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/|publisher=What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd|work=Archaeological Survey of India|accessdate= |
*{{cite web|author=|title= South Indian Inscriptions|url=http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/|publisher=What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd|work=Archaeological Survey of India|accessdate = 30. 05. 2008.}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book |first = Burton| last= Stein|authorlink= | coauthors= |origyear= | year= 1998 |title=A history of India |publisher=Blackwell Publishers |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn= 0-631-20546-2|ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= Romila| last= Thapar| authorlink= | coauthors= | origyear= | year= 1995| title= Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History|edition= | publisher= South Asia Books| location= Columbia, Mo| isbn= 81-7154-556-4|ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= Rama Sankar| last= Tripathi| authorlink= | coauthors= | origyear= | year= 1967| title= History of Ancient India|edition= | publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publications| location= India| isbn= 81-208-0018-4|ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= Geeta| last= Vasudevan| authorlink= | coauthors= | origyear= | year= 2003| title= Royal Temple of Rajaraja: An Instrument of Imperial Cola Power |edition= |publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=New Delhi | isbn= 81-7017-383-3|ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= |last= Various| authorlink= | coauthors= | origyear= | year= 1987| title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature, vol. 1|edition= |publisher= Sahitya Akademi|location= | isbn= 81-260-1803-8|ref=harv}} |
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* {{ |
* {{Cite book | first= |last= Various| authorlink= | coauthors= | origyear= | year= 1988| title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature, vol. 2|edition= |publisher= Sahitya Akademi|location= | isbn= 81-260-1194-7|ref=harv}} |
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*{{ |
* {{Cite book |first = Stanley A|last=Wolpert |title=India |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1999 |pages= |isbn= 0-520-22172-9 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=|ref=harv}} |
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Verzija na datum 22 novembar 2013 u 09:34
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Dinastija Čola (tamilski: சோழர் Šablon:IPA-ta) bila je dinastija tamilskih vladara iz južne Indije, koja se smatra jednom od najdugovječnijih u historiji. Neka od tumačenja njen početak povezuju s natpisima koje je još u 3. vijeku pne. ostavio Asoka, vladar Maurijskog Carstva; kraj dinastije, koja je vladala različitim teritorijima, se smješta u 13. vijek.
Središte Čola je bila plodna dolina rijeke Kaveri; status velesile su uživali od druge polovice 9. do početka 13. vijeka.[1] Pod njihovom vlašću je skoro dva vijeka bila ujedinjeno područje južno od Tungabhadre.[2] Dinastija je pod Radžaradžom Čolom I i njegovim sinom Radžendrom Čolom I stekla status vojne, ekonomske i kulturne sile ne samo na prostoru Južne nego i Jugoistočne Azije.[3][4] Radžendra Čola je status velikog vladara stekao vojnim pohodima na sjever, koji su doprli sve do Gangesa, kao i uništenjem dotadašnje pomorske sile Srivijaya, te brojnim izaslanstvima koje je slao na kineski dvor.[5]
Od oko 1010 do 1200. teritorija Čola se pružala od Maldiva na jugu pa sve do rijeke Godavari u današnjoj državi Andhra Pradesh.[6] Rajaraja Chola je osim cijele Južne Indije, osvojio dijelove današnje Šri Lanke te osvojio Maldive.[4] Rajendra Chola je, pak, prilikom pohoda na Ganges uspio porauti Mahipalu, vladara Pala Carstva. Također je uspješno napao države Malajskog arhipelaga.[7][8] Dinastija Čola je počelka slabiti s usponom dinastije Pandija početkom 13. vijeka, koja je konačno dovela do njenog završetka.[9][10][11]
Čola vladari su, s druge strane, ostali upamćeni po pokroviteljstvu nad tamilskom književnošću te gradnjom brojnih hramova.[4] Bili su poznati i po tome što su hramove koristili i za ekonomske aktivnosti,[12][13] kao i specifičnom obliku državne uprave.
Izvori
- ↑ K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, p 5
- ↑ K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, p 157
- ↑ Greška u referenci: Nevaljana oznaka
<ref>
; nije zadan tekst za reference po imenukulke115
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Keay, p 215
- ↑ K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, p 158
- ↑ Majumdar, p 407
- ↑ The kadaram campaign is first mentioned in Rajendra's inscriptions dating from his 14th year. The name of the Srivijaya king was Sangrama Vijayatungavarman. K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, The CōĻas, pp 211–220
- ↑ Meyer, p 73
- ↑ K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, p 192
- ↑ K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, p 195
- ↑ K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, A History of South India, p 196
- ↑ Vasudevan, pp 20–22
- ↑ Keay, pp 217–218
Literatura
- Chopra, P.N; Ravindran, T.K; Subrahmanian, N (2003). History of South India ; Ancient, Medieval and Modern. New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd. ISBN 81-219-0153-7.
- Das, Sisir Kumar (1995). History of Indian Literature (1911–1956) : Struggle for Freedom – Triumph and Tragedy. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-7201-798-7.
- Gupta, A.N; Gupta, Satish (1976). Sarojini Naidu's Select Poems, with an Introduction, Notes, and Bibliography. Prakash Book Depot.
- Harle, J.C (1994). The art and architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-06217-6.
- Hermann, Kulke; Rothermund D (2001) [2000]. A History of India. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32920-5.
- Keay, John (2000). India: A History. New Delhi: Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 0-00-255717-7.
- Majumdar, R.C (1987). Ancient India. India: Motilal Banarsidass Publications. ISBN 81-208-0436-8.
- Meyer, Milton Walter (1997). Asia: a concise history. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-8476-8063-0.
- Mitter, Partha (2001). Indian art. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-284221-8.
- Nagasamy, R (1970). Gangaikondacholapuram. State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu.
- Nagasamy, R (1981). Tamil Coins – A study. Institute of Epigraphy, Tamilnadu State Dept. of Archaeology.
- K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, K.A (1984) [1935]. The CōĻas. Madras: University of Madras.
- K.A. Nilakanta Sastri, K.A (2002) [1955]. A History of South India. New Delhi: OUP.
- Scharfe, Hartmut (2002). Education in Ancient India. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-12556-6.
- Smith, Vincent H (2006). The Edicts of Asoka. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 1-4286-4431-8.
- „South Indian Inscriptions”. Archaeological Survey of India. What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd. Pristupljeno 30. 05. 2008.
- Stein, Burton (1998). A history of India. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-20546-2.
- Thapar, Romila (1995). Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History. Columbia, Mo: South Asia Books. ISBN 81-7154-556-4.
- Tripathi, Rama Sankar (1967). History of Ancient India. India: Motilal Banarsidass Publications. ISBN 81-208-0018-4.
- Vasudevan, Geeta (2003). Royal Temple of Rajaraja: An Instrument of Imperial Cola Power. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. ISBN 81-7017-383-3.
- Various (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian literature, vol. 1. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-1803-8.
- Various (1988). Encyclopaedia of Indian literature, vol. 2. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 81-260-1194-7.
- Wolpert, Stanley A (1999). India. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-22172-9.