Popis čovječjih evolucijskih fosila
U tablici niže navedeni su najvažniji otkriveni fosilni ostaci hominina izravno ili neizravno vezanih za evoluciju čovjeka, počevši od nastanka tribusa Hominini u kasnom miocenu (otprilike prije 6 milijuna godina).
Pošto su otkrivene tisuće fosila ljudskih predaka, mnogi od njih fragmentarni, često sa samo jednom pronađenom kosti ili zubom (čitave su lubanje rijetke),[1] ovaj prikaz nema za cilj biti potpun, već prikazati samo najvažnija otkrića. Popis fosila je složen po približnoj starosti determiniranoj datiranjem ugljikom-14 i/ili dodavajućim datiranjem. Imena vrsta prikazuju trenutni konsenzus među znanstvenicima, a ako konsenzus ne postoji, navedena su i alternativna imena.
Većina prikazanih fosila ne smatraju se izravnim precima Homo sapiensa, ali su tijesno vezani za izravne čovjekove pretke, te su stoga važni za istraživanje čovjekove evolucijske linije.
Kasni miocen[uredi | uredi kod]
starost: 7 milijuna do 5,3 milijuna godina[uredi | uredi kod]
naziv | vrijeme | vrsta | godina otkrića | mjesto otkrića | otkrivač/i | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TM 266 (Toumai) | 7 milijuna godina[2] | Sahelanthropus tchadensis | 2001. | Čad | Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye | |
BAR 1000'00 | 6 milijuna godina[3] | Orrorin tugenensis | 2000. | Kenija | Martin Pickford, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut, |
Pliocen[uredi | uredi kod]
starost: 5,3 milijuna do 2,58 milijuna godina[uredi | uredi kod]
Pleistocen[uredi | uredi kod]
Donji paleolitik: 2,58 milijuna godina - 300 000 godina[uredi | uredi kod]
Srednji paleolitik: od 300 000 do 50 000 godina[uredi | uredi kod]
Gornji paleolitik: od 50 000 do 10 000 godina[uredi | uredi kod]
Holocen[uredi | uredi kod]
Mezolitik i neolitik: od 10 000 do 5000 godina[uredi | uredi kod]
naziv | vrijeme | vrsta | godina otkrića | mjesto otkrića | otkrivač/i | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
žena iz La Bree | oko 10 000 | Homo sapiens | 1914. | SAD | ||
Combe Capelle | 9 600[33] | Homo sapiens | 1909. | Francuska | O. Hauser | |
Cheddarški čovjek | 9 000 | 1903. | Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo | |||
Kow Swamp 1 | 9 000 - 13 000 | Homo sapiens | 1968. | Australija | A.G. Thorne | |
Afalou 13 | 8 000 - 12 000 | Homo sapiens | 1920. | Alžir | C. Arambourg | |
Wadi Halfa 25 | 8 000 - 12 000 | Homo sapiens | 1963. | Sudan | G. Armelagos, E. Ewing, D. Greene | |
Wadi Kubbaniya | 8 000 - 20 000 | Homo sapiens | 1982. | Egipat | Fred Wendorf | |
žena iz Minnesote | 7 800 - 8 00 | Homo sapiens | 1931. | Minnesota | Albert Jenks | |
Lo 4b | 6 000 - 9 000 | Homo sapiens | 1965. | H. Robbins B.M. Lynch | ||
Tepexpanški čovjek | 5 000 - 11 000 | Homo sapiens | 1947. | Meksiko | Hellmut de Terra | |
SDM 16704 | 4 900 - 11 800 | Homo sapiens | 1929. | SAD | M.J. Rogers |
Kratice korištene u katalogu ljudskih fosila[uredi | uredi kod]
- AL - Afar, Etiopija
- ARA-VP - Aramis Vertebrate Paleontology, Etiopija
- BAR - (Lukeino, brda Tugen) distrikt Baringo, Kenija
- BOU-VP - Bouri Vertebrate Paleontology, Etiopija
- D - Dmanisi, Gruzija
- ER - Istočno jezero Rudolf, Kenija
- KGA - Konso-Gardula, Etiopija
- KNM - Kenijski nacionalni muzej
- KP - Kanapoi, Kenija
- LB - Liang Bua, Indonezija
- LH - Laetoli hominid, Tanzanija
- NG - Ngandong, Indonezija
- OH - Olduvai Hominid, Tanzanija
- SK - Swartkrans, Južnoafrička Republika
- Sts,Stw - Sterkfontein, Južnoafrička Republika
- TM - Transvaal Museum, Južnoafrička Republika
- TM - Toros-Menalla, Čad
- WT - Zapadno jezero Turkana, Kenija
Vidi još[uredi | uredi kod]
Reference[uredi | uredi kod]
- ↑ „Prominent Hominid Fossils”. Pristupljeno 31. 08. 2006.
- ↑ „Fossil Hominids: Toumai”. Talkorigins.org. 2002-07-31. Pristupljeno 2012-10-15.
- ↑ [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/bar- 100200 „Bar 10200'”]. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Pristupljeno July 27, 2012.[mrtav link]
- ↑ Amos, Jonathan (1. rujna 2009.). „Fossil finds extend human story”. BBC News.
- ↑ I. A. N., McDougall; Craig, Feibel (1999). „Numerical age control for the Miocene-Pliocene succession at Lothagam, a hominoid-bearing sequence in the northern Kenya Rift”. Journal of the Geological Society svezak 156: str. 731.–745.. DOI:10.1144/gsjgs.156.4.0731.
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Andrew Hill & Steven Ward (1988). „Origin of the Hominidae: The Record of African Large Hominoid Evolution Between 14 My and 4 My”. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology svezak 31 (broj 59): str. 49.–83.. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.1330310505
- ↑ Bryan Patterson, Anna K. Behrensmeyer, & William D. Sill (1970-06-06). „Geology and Fauna of a New Pliocene Locality in North-western Kenya”. Nature svezak 226 (broj 5249): str. 918.–921.. DOI:10.1038/226918a0. PMID 16057594 Key details from select sources
- ↑ Ward, Steven; Hill, Andrew. „Pliocene hominid partial mandible from Tabarin, Baringo, Kenya”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology svezak 72 (broj 1): str. 21.–37.. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.1330720104.
- ↑ „Sorry, We Can't Find That Page - Search MSU”. Msu.edu. Pristupljeno 15. rujna 2012.
- ↑ „Oldupai”. Ntz.info. Pristupljeno 15. rujna 2012.
- ↑ „KNM-WT 40000”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2013-11-10. Pristupljeno 2015-01-12.
- ↑ Smithsonian
- ↑ „Archive copy”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2012-10-05. Pristupljeno 2015-01-12.
- ↑ Jonathan, Amos (9. rujna 2011.). [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science- environment-14824435 „African fossils put new spin on human origins story”]. http://www.sciencemag.org/site/extra/sediba/index.xhtml (BBC News). Pristupljeno 9. rujna 2011.
- ↑ Mai, L.L., Owl, M.Y., & Kersting, M.P. (2005.), str.286.
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Meave G. Leakey, Fred Spoor, M. Christopher Dean, Craig S. Feibel, Susan C. Antón,Christopher Kiarie & Louise N. Leakey. 2012. New fossils from Koobi Fora in northern Kenya confirm taxonomic diversity in early Homo. Nature 488, str. 201.–204. (9. kolovoza 2012.) doi:10.1038/nature11322
- ↑ „pomiješani slojevi tla”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2006-10-02. Pristupljeno 2015-01-12.
- ↑ Donald C. Johanson, Blake Edgar (1996.). From Lucy to Language. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. str. str. 158.
- ↑ Michael Hopkin (26. ožujka 2008.). „Fossil find is oldest European yet”. Nature News. DOI:10.1038/news.2008.691.
- ↑ http://archive.archaeology.org/9809/newsbriefs/eritrea.html
- ↑ By ʻAlī Jāvīd, "World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in svezak, Volume 2", str. 17.
- ↑ P. Brown Dali, arhajski Homo Sapiens Arhivirano 2013-12-06 na Wayback Machine-u Sveučilište New England, Australija
- ↑ 23,00 23,01 23,02 23,03 23,04 23,05 23,06 23,07 23,08 23,09 Smith, T. M.; Tafforeau, P., Reid, D. J., Pouech, J., Lazzari, V., Zermeno, J. P., Guatelli- Steinberg, D., Olejniczak, A. J., Hoffman, A., Radovcic, J., Makaremi, M., Toussaint, M., Stringer, C., Hublin, J.-J. (2010). „Dental evidence for ontogenetic differences between modern humans and Neanderthals”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences svezak 107 (broj 49): str. 20923.–20928.. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1010906107.
- ↑ „Qafzeh IX”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-09-27. Pristupljeno 2015-01-12.
- ↑ Christopher J. Norton and David R. Braun. Asian paleanthropology: From Africa to China and beyond. New York, NY: Springer. str. str. 107.. DOI:10.1007/978-90-481-9094-2. ISBN 978-9048190935.
- ↑ „What does it mean to be human?”. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2021-03-05. Pristupljeno 27. srpnja 2012.
- ↑ „Human evolution: interpreting evidence”. Museum of Science, Boston, US. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2004-05-02. Pristupljeno 27. srpnja 2012.
- ↑ Timeline at Bone & Stone
- ↑ Robin McKie, science editor (20. lipnja 2010.). „Bones from a Cheddar Gorge cave show that cannibalism helped Britain's earliest settlers survive the ice age | Science | The Observer”. Guardian. Pristupljeno 15. rujna 2012.
- ↑ „Mystery of a West African skull from 13,000 years ago”. Natural History Museum, London, UK. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2012-08-02. Pristupljeno 27. srpnja 2012.
- ↑ Travels and Archeology in South Chile. Cornell University, New York, U.S.. Pristupljeno 21. kolovoza 2013.
- ↑ Storm, Paul; Nelson, Andrew (1992). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/40386932 „The many faces of Wadjak man”]. Archaeology Oceania svezak 27 (broj 1): str. 37.–46..
- ↑ Seidler, Christoph (9. veljače 2011.). „Forscher entzaubern Steinzeitmann” (German). Der Spiegel. Pristupljeno 19 travnja 2012.
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