Lista fosila ljudskih predaka
U tablici niže navedeni su najvažniji otkriveni fosilni ostaci hominina izravno ili neizravno vezanih za evoluciju čovjeka, počevši od nastanka tribusa Hominini u kasnom miocenu (otprilike prije 6 milijuna godina).
Pošto su otkrivene tisuće fosila ljudskih predaka, mnogi od njih fragmentarni, često sa samo jednom pronađenom kosti ili zubom (čitave su lubanje rijetke),[1] ovaj prikaz nema za cilj biti potpun, već prikazati samo najvažnija otkrića. Popis fosila je složen po približnoj starosti determiniranoj datiranjem ugljikom-14 i/ili dodavajućim datiranjem. Imena vrsta prikazuju trenutni konsenzus među znanstvenicima, a ako konsenzus ne postoji, navedena su i alternativna imena.
Većina prikazanih fosila ne smatraju se izravnim precima Homo sapiensa, ali su tijesno vezani za izravne čovjekove pretke, te su stoga važni za istraživanje čovjekove evolucijske linije.
naziv | vrijeme | vrsta | godina otkrića | mjesto otkrića | otkrivač/i | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TM 266 (Toumai) | 7 milijuna godina[2] | Sahelanthropus tchadensis | 2001. | Čad | Alain Beauvilain, Fanone Gongdibe, Mahamat Adoum and Ahounta Djimdoumalbaye | |
BAR 1000'00 | 6 milijuna godina[3] | Orrorin tugenensis | 2000. | Kenija | Martin Pickford, Kiptalam Cheboi, Dominique Gommery, Pierre Mein, Brigitte Senut, |
naziv | vrijeme | vrsta | godina otkrića | mjesto otkrića | otkrivač/i | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
žena iz La Bree | oko 10 000 | Homo sapiens | 1914. | SAD | ||
Combe Capelle | 9 600[33] | Homo sapiens | 1909. | Francuska | O. Hauser | |
Cheddarški čovjek | 9 000 | 1903. | Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo | |||
Kow Swamp 1 | 9 000 - 13 000 | Homo sapiens | 1968. | Australija | A.G. Thorne | |
Afalou 13 | 8 000 - 12 000 | Homo sapiens | 1920. | Alžir | C. Arambourg | |
Wadi Halfa 25 | 8 000 - 12 000 | Homo sapiens | 1963. | Sudan | G. Armelagos, E. Ewing, D. Greene | |
Wadi Kubbaniya | 8 000 - 20 000 | Homo sapiens | 1982. | Egipat | Fred Wendorf | |
žena iz Minnesote | 7 800 - 8 00 | Homo sapiens | 1931. | Minnesota | Albert Jenks | |
Lo 4b | 6 000 - 9 000 | Homo sapiens | 1965. | H. Robbins B.M. Lynch | ||
Tepexpanški čovjek | 5 000 - 11 000 | Homo sapiens | 1947. | Meksiko | Hellmut de Terra | |
SDM 16704 | 4 900 - 11 800 | Homo sapiens | 1929. | SAD | M.J. Rogers |
- AL - Afar, Etiopija
- ARA-VP - Aramis Vertebrate Paleontology, Etiopija
- BAR - (Lukeino, brda Tugen) distrikt Baringo, Kenija
- BOU-VP - Bouri Vertebrate Paleontology, Etiopija
- D - Dmanisi, Gruzija
- ER - Istočno jezero Rudolf, Kenija
- KGA - Konso-Gardula, Etiopija
- KNM - Kenijski nacionalni muzej
- KP - Kanapoi, Kenija
- LB - Liang Bua, Indonezija
- LH - Laetoli hominid, Tanzanija
- NG - Ngandong, Indonezija
- OH - Olduvai Hominid, Tanzanija
- SK - Swartkrans, Južnoafrička Republika
- Sts,Stw - Sterkfontein, Južnoafrička Republika
- TM - Transvaal Museum, Južnoafrička Republika
- TM - Toros-Menalla, Čad
- WT - Zapadno jezero Turkana, Kenija
- ↑ „Prominent Hominid Fossils”. Pristupljeno 31. 08. 2006.
- ↑ „Fossil Hominids: Toumai”. Talkorigins.org. 2002-07-31. Pristupljeno 2012-10-15.
- ↑ [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/bar- 100200 „Bar 10200'”]. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Pristupljeno July 27, 2012.[mrtav link]
- ↑ Amos, Jonathan (1. rujna 2009.). „Fossil finds extend human story”. BBC News.
- ↑ I. A. N., McDougall; Craig, Feibel (1999). „Numerical age control for the Miocene-Pliocene succession at Lothagam, a hominoid-bearing sequence in the northern Kenya Rift”. Journal of the Geological Society svezak 156: str. 731.–745.. DOI:10.1144/gsjgs.156.4.0731.
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 Andrew Hill & Steven Ward (1988). „Origin of the Hominidae: The Record of African Large Hominoid Evolution Between 14 My and 4 My”. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology svezak 31 (broj 59): str. 49.–83.. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.1330310505
- ↑ Bryan Patterson, Anna K. Behrensmeyer, & William D. Sill (1970-06-06). „Geology and Fauna of a New Pliocene Locality in North-western Kenya”. Nature svezak 226 (broj 5249): str. 918.–921.. DOI:10.1038/226918a0. PMID 16057594 Key details from select sources
- ↑ Ward, Steven; Hill, Andrew. „Pliocene hominid partial mandible from Tabarin, Baringo, Kenya”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology svezak 72 (broj 1): str. 21.–37.. DOI:10.1002/ajpa.1330720104.
- ↑ „Sorry, We Can't Find That Page - Search MSU”. Msu.edu. Pristupljeno 15. rujna 2012.
- ↑ „Oldupai”. Ntz.info. Pristupljeno 15. rujna 2012.
- ↑ „KNM-WT 40000”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2013-11-10. Pristupljeno 2015-01-12.
- ↑ Smithsonian
- ↑ „Archive copy”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2012-10-05. Pristupljeno 2015-01-12.
- ↑ Jonathan, Amos (9. rujna 2011.). [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science- environment-14824435 „African fossils put new spin on human origins story”]. http://www.sciencemag.org/site/extra/sediba/index.xhtml (BBC News). Pristupljeno 9. rujna 2011.
- ↑ Mai, L.L., Owl, M.Y., & Kersting, M.P. (2005.), str.286.
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 16,2 Meave G. Leakey, Fred Spoor, M. Christopher Dean, Craig S. Feibel, Susan C. Antón,Christopher Kiarie & Louise N. Leakey. 2012. New fossils from Koobi Fora in northern Kenya confirm taxonomic diversity in early Homo. Nature 488, str. 201.–204. (9. kolovoza 2012.) doi:10.1038/nature11322
- ↑ „pomiješani slojevi tla”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2006-10-02. Pristupljeno 2015-01-12.
- ↑ Donald C. Johanson, Blake Edgar (1996.). From Lucy to Language. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. str. str. 158.
- ↑ Michael Hopkin (26. ožujka 2008.). „Fossil find is oldest European yet”. Nature News. DOI:10.1038/news.2008.691.
- ↑ http://archive.archaeology.org/9809/newsbriefs/eritrea.html
- ↑ By ʻAlī Jāvīd, "World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in svezak, Volume 2", str. 17.
- ↑ P. Brown Dali, arhajski Homo Sapiens Arhivirano 2013-12-06 na Wayback Machine-u Sveučilište New England, Australija
- ↑ 23,00 23,01 23,02 23,03 23,04 23,05 23,06 23,07 23,08 23,09 Smith, T. M.; Tafforeau, P., Reid, D. J., Pouech, J., Lazzari, V., Zermeno, J. P., Guatelli- Steinberg, D., Olejniczak, A. J., Hoffman, A., Radovcic, J., Makaremi, M., Toussaint, M., Stringer, C., Hublin, J.-J. (2010). „Dental evidence for ontogenetic differences between modern humans and Neanderthals”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences svezak 107 (broj 49): str. 20923.–20928.. DOI:10.1073/pnas.1010906107.
- ↑ „Qafzeh IX”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-09-27. Pristupljeno 2015-01-12.
- ↑ Christopher J. Norton and David R. Braun. Asian paleanthropology: From Africa to China and beyond. New York, NY: Springer. str. str. 107.. DOI:10.1007/978-90-481-9094-2. ISBN 978-9048190935.
- ↑ „What does it mean to be human?”. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2021-03-05. Pristupljeno 27. srpnja 2012.
- ↑ „Human evolution: interpreting evidence”. Museum of Science, Boston, US. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2004-05-02. Pristupljeno 27. srpnja 2012.
- ↑ Timeline at Bone & Stone
- ↑ Robin McKie, science editor (20. lipnja 2010.). „Bones from a Cheddar Gorge cave show that cannibalism helped Britain's earliest settlers survive the ice age | Science | The Observer”. Guardian. Pristupljeno 15. rujna 2012.
- ↑ „Mystery of a West African skull from 13,000 years ago”. Natural History Museum, London, UK. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2012-08-02. Pristupljeno 27. srpnja 2012.
- ↑ Travels and Archeology in South Chile. Cornell University, New York, U.S.. Pristupljeno 21. kolovoza 2013.
- ↑ Storm, Paul; Nelson, Andrew (1992). [http://www.jstor.org/stable/40386932 „The many faces of Wadjak man”]. Archaeology Oceania svezak 27 (broj 1): str. 37.–46..
- ↑ Seidler, Christoph (9. veljače 2011.). „Forscher entzaubern Steinzeitmann” (German). Der Spiegel. Pristupljeno 19 travnja 2012.
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